Extract of the Regulations for the United States Army, 1821:

ARTICLE I.

Rank of Corps and Regiments.

1. The rank of corps shall be as follows: 1st . The light or horse artillery; 2d. The light dragoons; 3d. Other regular cavalry; 4th. The foot artillery; 5th. The infantry ; 6th. Detachments of the United States' marine corps, serving on land; 7th. The riflemen; 8th. Volunteer corps; 9th. Militia drafts.—In operations near an enemy, the forces will, nevertheless, be drawn up according to the orders of the general, or other commanding officer.

2. In any particular corps, regiments will take rank among themselves according to numerical order.

ARTICLE 2.

Base of Discipline.

1. It is the intention of the government, that there be established in every regiment or corps, and throughout the army, as one corps, a gradual and universal subordination or authority, which, without loss of force, shall be even, mild, and paternal; and which, founded in justice and firmness, shall maintain all subordinates in the strictest observance of duty. It requires that enlisted soldiers (enlisted soldiers—all persons under the rank of cadet, whether in corps of regulars, volunteers, or militia drafts), shall be treated with particular kindness and humanity ; that punishments, sometimes unavoidable, shall be strictly conformable to martial law ; and, that all in commission shall conduct, direct, and protect, inferiors of every rank, with the cares due to men from whose patriotism, valour, and obedience, they are to expect a part of their own reputation and glory.

2. Under the President of the United States, as commander in chief, the following are the grades of army rank : 1st. Major general ; 2d. Brigadier general ; 3d. Colonel; 4th. Lieutenant colonel ; 5th. Major; 6th. Captain ; 7th. First lieutenant ; 8th. Second lieutenant ; 9th. Third lieutenant ; 10th. Cornet or ensign ; llth. Cadet; 12th. Sergeant; 13th. Corporal; and the latter shall be superior to all private soldiers, including, under that denomination, private musicians, artificers, and the like.

3. The non-commissioned staff of regiments or battalions shall take rank as follows : 1st. Sergeant majors next immediately after cadets ; 2d. Quartermaster sergeants, trumpet majors, and drum majors, next immediately after sergeant majors.

4. The officers of the general staff, clothed with rank assimilated to lineal rank, as those of the adjutant general's department, and several others, will be considered, in respect to rank, on the same footing as if their rank was lineal.

5. In other departments of the general staff, which give not rank assimilated to that of the line, as in the surgeon general's, &c. &c. subordination shall have place in each department, according to pay proper ; the higher the annual or monthly pay of any officer therein, the higher his rank in his own particular department. And all persons subject to martial law, and not commissioned, shall be subordinate to any commissioned officer in the service, whether the officer be, or not, clothed with lineal rank, or rank assimilated thereto.

6. No officer of the staff, not having lineal rank, or rank assimilated thereto, shall command any officer whatever having such rank ; but, on the other hand, the former shall be subordinate to the latter, under the following restrictions: 1st. The commissary general of purchases, the surgeon general, the paymaster general, and the apothecary general, to general officers only. 2d. An assistant surgeon general, and a deputy commissary of purchases, to any officer not under the rank of colonel. 3d. A judge advocate, a chaplain, and a regimental or battalion paymaster, to any officer not under the rank of major, unless, (in the case of the paymaster) it be the commandant of his regiment or battalion ; 4th. An assistant commissary of issues, and a regimental full surgeon, to the orders of any officer not under the rank of captain ; 5th. A post surgeon, to any officer not under the rank of first lieutenant, unless it be the commandant of his particular post.

7. When several commissioned or non-commissioned officers of the same grade find themselves on duty together, the senior, in either case, shall be the superior.

8. An officer holding a commission from the United States, will command all officers of the same grade, in the service of the United States, who hold commissions from the particular states, without reference to the dates of commissions: and no such state or militia officer, not actually called into the service of the United States, - shall command any part of the United States' forces. See 98th article of the rules and articles of war.

9. In all that concerns the good of the service, the government requires that the superior shall always find in the inferior a passive obedience; and that all orders given, shall be executed with alacrity and good faith: but, in prescribing this kind of obedience, it is understood that orders shall not be manifestly against law or reason ; and every superior is strictly enjoined not to injure those under him, by abusive or unbecoming language, or by capricious or tyrannical conduct.

ARTICLE 3.

Principles governing the rank of officers.

1. Questions respecting the rank of officers, arising from the sameness of dates in commissions of the same grade, shall be decided:—1st. By reference to the relative rank of the parties in the regular forces, (including the United States' marine corps,) at the time the present appointments or promotions were made; 3d. By reference to former rank therein, taken away by derangement, or disbandment; 3d. By reference to former rank therein, given up by resignation; 4th. By lottery.

2. Brevet rank shall take command or effect only in the following cases: 1st. When it renders an officer, present on duty, with a separate command, comprising troops of different corps, the superior thereof; 2d. In the person of every brevet officer on courts composed of officers of different corps; 3d. By special assignment made by either the President of the United States, or the general-in-chief of a particular army in the field—whereby a brevet officer may be invested with a separate command comprising troops of different corps, although not previously on duty with it.

3. By the terms " separate command," shall be understood : 1st. The army, or a particular army in the field ; that is, an army, the chief of which is in correspondence with the Executive; 2d. A detachment for temporary or occasional service; that is, a detachment marched beyond the chain of sentinels; 3d. A geographical division or department; 4th. A particular post.

ARTICLE 4.

Succession in rank.

1. The Executive will fill original vacancies, when created, by selection: accidental vacancies, below the rank of brigadier general, by promotion, and according to seniority, except in extraordinary cases.

2. Promotions to commissions in the line, below a captaincy, will be made by regiments; to commissions between those of first lieutenant and brigadier general, by corps; and no officer shall succeed to a higher rank, until notified of his advancement thereto by the proper authority.

ARTICLE 5.

Succession in command.

1. An officer who supersedes, or succeeds to another, in any command whatever, will consider himself precisely in the situation of the predecessor, in respect to previous orders or instructions (not abrogated) relative to the particular command ; and the successor, although of an inferior rank, shall be authorized to demand to be put in possession of such orders and instructions, if they exist in writing, or to be informed of their nature and import, if they exist in memory only.

2. A superior officer, marching or passing by or through the command of another, or temporarily halting or sojourning within the limits of the latter, will not supersede him, or interfere with his duties, except on urgent considerations, founded on the good of the service—for the sufficiency of which he will hold himself responsible to the next common commander; and in the case of not assuming the command, the superior, whilst in the limits of the particular commander, will give to his police regulations, as in the instance of a post, camp, or cantonment, all due respect and support.

3. An officer relieved in a command, although junior to his successor, shall have the right to demand of the latter, written duplicate receipts (setting forth the state and condition) of every article of public property (for which the relieved officer was personally responsible) turned over with the command. One of those receipts will be remitted to the proper administrative department, and the other retained in the possession of the officer.

ARTICLE 6.

Relative Rank and Precedence of Land and Sea Officers.

1. The military officers of the land and sea services of the United States shall rank together as follows: 1st. A lieutenant of the navy with captains of the army ; 2d. A master commandant with majors; 3d. A captain of the navy, from the date of his commission, with lieutenant colonels; 4th. five years thereafter, with colonels; 5th. ten years thereafter, with brigadier generals; and 6th. fifteen years after the date of his commission, with major generals. But, should there be created in the navy the rank of rear admiral, then such rank only shall be considered equal to that of major general.

2. Nothing in the preceding paragraph shall authorize a land officer to command any United States' vessel, or navy yard, nor any sea officer to command any part of the army on land; neither shall an officer of the one service have a right to demand any compliment, on the score of rank, from an officer of the other service. See par. 2. Art. 15.

3. Land troops serving on board a United States' vessel, as marines, shall be subject to the orders of the sea officer in command thereof. Other land troops embarked on board such vessels, for transportation merely, will be considered, in respect to the naval commanders, as passengers; subject, nevertheless, to the internal regulations of the vessels.

SECTION II.

MILITARY COMPLIMENTS, OR HONOURS.

ARTICLE 7.

Compliments:—by individuals as such.

1. Courtesy, among military men, is indispensable to discipline. The good or the brave officer or soldier is always respectful towards superiors. He feels that, in honouring them, he does honour to the service and himself. His respect will not then be confined simply to martial obedience, but will be extended to other occasions. Thus it is always the duty of the inferior to accost, or to offer first the customary salutation, and of the superior, to return such complimentary notice.

2. The salutation, among officers in uniform, will be made by touching the cap or hat with the right hand, without inclination of the head or body; out of uniform, by uncovering the head. In this case, the inferior would be the last to re-cover the head.

3. The non-commissioned staff and sergeants, when in uniform, will, without halting, salute officers as above;— out of uniform, they would take off the hat, or police cap, and hold it down by the right side until the officer passes or is passed.

4. Every corporal or private soldier will, in general, salute officers in like manner; but, if the officer be a general, the colonel or other commander of the regiment or post, and the corporal or soldier be in uniform, he would halt, face to, and salute such officer by touching the cap as above, and then remain as under arms for a moment, or until passed. By this form, at the same time the compliment is rendered, the individual submits his person to an inspection.

5. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier will, if out of'uniform, uncover the head on speaking to or being addressed, individually, by an officer. If in uniform, the cap would be touched, as above, under the same circumstances.

6. A non-commissioned officer or soldier, being seated, and without particular occupation, will rise on the approach of an officer, and make the customary salutation. If standing, it would be proper to turn towards the officer- for the same purpose.

7. If the parties remain in the same place, or on the same ground, such compliments would not, in general, be repeated.

8. The foregoing cases suppose the inferior to be without arms, or with side-arms only. With arms in hand, the inferior would, in reporting, or on receiving orders addressed to him, individually, bring the sword or firelock to a recover.

9. It is required that an officer who calls at head-quarters, officially, or calls to make a visit of respect to a superior, shall present himself in uniform, unless the latter has been dispensed with by the chief or superior. If not, an apology or explanation will always be tendered by the inferior who makes such call out of uniform.

ARTICLE 8.

Compliments—by guards and sentinels.

1. A sentinel will carry arms to all officers, whether in uniform or not, and present arms to his particular officer of the day, and to any other officer wearing two epaulettes and a sword. The latter compliment shall be paid to any armed body of men passing near a sentinel.

2. A sentinel, seeing himself approached, will halt, face to his proper front, and bring his firelock to a support. From this position he will salute the officer or armed body of men passing near him, if in a direction to be seen without turning the head. A guard shall take the same position, and observe the same rule, when approached by an officer or armed body of men entitled to a salute.

3. All guards, except the personal guards of general officers, turn out and present arms to the particular officer of the day, or to any general officer with sword and epaulettes, once. On subsequent visits from the same officer, a guard will turn out and stand by its arms.

4. The personal guard of a general will observe a like courtesy towards the general, or any superior general; and as often as visited or passed by an inferior general officer, or the officer of the day, it will turn out, and stand by its arms.

5. Police guards, and others interior to them, will compliment the commandant of the regiment or post respectively, in the manner prescribed in paragraph above.

6. A guard will turn out, and present arms to a new guard, or any armed body of men passing in front of it; and if the. armed body is marching to music, the drums of the guard will join in the same air.

7. No compliment will be paid by a guard or sentinel between sunset and sunrise ; but, during the same period, guards will turn out, and stand at shouldered arms, on an official visit from the officer of the day, a general, or staff officer.

8. The courtesy of the service requires that officers shall acknowledge, in a suitable manner, all compliments paid to them, whether by individuals, guards, or corps.

9. When a guard presents arms, if it be to the President or Vice President of the United States, the drums shall play a march; if to the Secretary of War, or a major general, the drums shall beat two ruffles; if to a brigadier general, one ruffle.

ARTICLE 9.

Compliments—by troops under review.

1. A battalion being in the order of battle, the commander will give the caution—The battalion will prepare for review; when the ranks will be opened in the manner prescribed in the Regulations for the exercise and manoeuvres of infantry.

2. At the word March, the field and staff officers dismount ; all the company officers, the colours, and the sergeant between them, will advance four paces to the front of the first rank, and place themselves opposite their respective positions in the order of battle ; the surgeons' mates, the surgeon, paymaster, quartermaster, and adjutant, will place themselves on the right of the rank of company officers, in the order in which they are here mentioned, at intervals of a pace from each other; the adjutant, who is on the right, will dress this entire rank ; at the same time, the band (if there be one) will advance through the centre, and place itself in 'one rank midway between the colours and the line; the colour guard will replace the colours, and the quartermaster sergeant and sergeant major, in the order of their rank, will place themselves on the right of the front rank of the battalion.

3. The field officers shall superintend the execution of these movements, and, on giving the word Front, the colonel will place himself eight paces, the lieutenant colonel ami majors six paces each, in front of the first rank, opposite their respective places in the order of battle.

4. With a view to an increased front, when the battalion is to be reviewed singly, the division of drummers, with the drum major on its right, may be formed on the right of the battalion; next, the division of pioneers, with the corporal on its right; and, lastly, the quartermaster sergeant and sergeant major on the right of the whole.

5. In this parade order, the battalion will await the approach of the personage who is to review it, for whose guide, a camp colour will have been placed some 80 paces in front of the colours, according to the extent of the line,, and the plain in front of it.

6. When the reviewing personage is midway between the camp colour and the colonel, the latter will face about; and command, battalion, present—Arms ; resuming immediately his proper front, when the whole will salute, the last motion of the sword to correspond with the last motion of the firelock. The drums or band will beat or play, according to the rank of the reviewing personage; if it be the President or Vice President of the United States, a march; if the Secretary of War, or a major general, two ruffles: if a brigadier general, one ruffle. The regimental colour alone will be dropped to a brigadier general ; both colours to the Secretary of War or a major general ; and all colours and standards to the President or Vice President of the United States.

7. If the reviewing officer be under the rank of brigadier general, no compliment will be paid by either the colours or music; neither will arms be presented to him, if he is inferior in rank to the commandant of the parade. In the latter case, he will be received with arms carried.

8. When the reviewing personage, who has halted till the proper compliments are paid, advances, the colonel will bring his sword to a carry, face to the line, and order, battalion, shoulder—arms; when the whole will remain perfectly steady, except the colonel, who resumes his proper front.

9. The reviewing personage now turns off to the right of the battalion, passes thence, in front of all the officers to the left, around the left, and behind the rank of file closers, to the right again. Whilst he is passing around the battalion, no matter what his rank, the drums or band will play, and when he turns off to take his station near the camp colour, the music will cease.

10. When the music ceases, the colonel will face about, and command, battalion, rear ranks, close order—March. At the third word, all persons, except the colonel, wh» are in advance of their proper places, in the order of battle, will face about, and at the word March, the whole battalion will return to that order, the proper officers remounting.

11. If a brigade is to be reviewed standing, the battalions composing it will, from the order of battle, assume the parade order, as above. The brigadier and his sla,!T, on- foot, will place themselves as follows:—The first, two paces in front of the rank of colonels, opposite the centre of the brigade, his aid on his right, one pace retired ; other brigade staff officers, if field officers in rank, will place themselves in the rank of lieutenant colonels and majors, behind the brigadier; if below that rank, behind him in the rank of company officers. If there are bands of music with the brigade, they will be united with the drums, and formed in the intervals between the two battalions. If there be more than two battalions, and no interval in the line behind the brigadier, the music may be placed in any other situation that he may designate.

12. A brigade, thus formed, will receive the reviewing personage in the same manner that he would be received by a single battalion, with a slight difference in the words of command, and the repetition of them, which need not be here noticed.

13. If several brigades are to be reviewed together, or in one line, this further difference will be observed: the reviewing personage, joined by the general of the division, on the right of his division, will proceed down the line, parallel to its front, and when near the brigadiers respectively, will be saluted by their brigades in succession. The music of each, after the prescribed salute, will play whilst the reviewing personage is in front or in rear of it, and only then.

14. The reviewing personage having taken a position near the camp colour, previously placed at a proper distance, the colonel, or other commander of the line, will cause the battalion or line to pass in review, as is partially prescribed at the end of Sec. V. of the Regulations for thejleld exercise and manoeuvres of infantry, to which the following paragraphs will be in the way of addition or explanation.

15. The column will first pass, in common time, and afterwards, if required, in quick time, in both instances with closed ranks; but, in passing in quick time, no particular salute or compliment will be paid.

16. The line, if consisting of one or more battalions, will break into column of companies, each battalion column having its music, headed by the drum-major, six paces in front of the colonel, the pioneers, with the corporal at their head, four paces in front of the drum major; the quartermaster sergeant in a line with the pioneers, two paces from the then reverse flank, and the quartermaster, paymaster, surgeon, and surgeon's mates, in one rank, four paces behind the file closers of the rearmost company.

17. When within six paces of the reviewing personage, the adjutant will he dressed in a line with the second division of the hattalion column, and the sergeant major with the last but one, each six paces from the (then) reverse flank.

18. Passing in common time, the colours remaining in the ranks, will, at the distance of six paces, again salute the reviewing personage, according to his rank, and the music will cease playing for the drums to give the pre-. scribed number of rolls or ruffles, when the same march or air will be resumed or continued, as is directed in the regulations above cited. At the same distance, the officers will salute as they successively come up. The commander of the column, having saluted, will place himself near the reviewing personage, and remain there until the rear has passed.

19. If the reviewing officer is inferior in rank to the commander of the column, the ruffles or rolls, and the colour and sword salutes will be omitted in the passing, as has been directed for the standing review, but the troops would march past-—arms carried.

20. When the column has passed, it will return to its original ground, and be wheeled up into line. From this position, such further exercises and manffiuvres will be performed as may be required by the reviewing personage, and according to a card which he will have handed to the commander- of the battalion or line.

21. In performing the required manffiuvres, the camp colour, previously placed in front of the parade, shall be the point on, and from which, they are to be made, although the reviewing personage should be occasionally absent from that point.

22. A number of companies, less than a regiment, would be reviewed as a regiment or battalion, and a single company would be reviewed, the captain, &c. in the same positions both in the standing and passing salutes, as if the company were with the battalion. Hut the company would pass in column of platoons or sections, according to the order of the reviewing personage.

ARTICLE 10.

Compliments—by the line.

1. The line will turn out in the order of review, the whole on foot, in uniform, and with side arms only, whenever the President or Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of War, or a general in chief, (having under him more than a division of troops,) passes along the front of the camp, previous notice being given. The colours, the staff resting on the ground, will be unfurled, each colour bearer holding the staff of his colour with the right hand. The drums will be piled up behind the colours. The whole, without paying any particular compliment, will remain steady until the personage has passed down to the left of the line, when it will be dismissed.

ARTICLE 11.

Compliments—by troops in passing each other.

1. Columns meeting in route will each incline to its left, and will pass as in review, each paying to the other the highest compliments. The colours of the one will only salute the colours of the other. Officers will salute as they successively come up with the commander of tha other column.

2. If there be not space for them to pass each other, the column commanded by the inferior officer will be wheeled up into line on its own side of the way, and in that order will reciprocate the highest salutes, colours only saluting colours, and the officers of the passing column saluting as they successively come up with the colours of the standing line. In the face of the enemy the above compliments will, of course, be dispensed with. Under the latter circumstance, corps will take particular care not to cut each other in their movements.

Article 12.

Compliments—by posts, as such.

1. A salute shall be fired by any military separate post, garnished with long pieces of ordnance, from such ordnance, on a visit from either the President or Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of War, or a general officer in command, as follows :—if the visitor be the President or Vice President, the national salute will be fired; if the Secretary of War; a major general in the command of a particular army in the field; or a geographical division or department, the salute will consist of fifteen guns; if a brigadier, in either of those commands, the salute will consist of eleven guns; due notice being given of the intended visit in all cases.

2. In respect to general officers, these further limitations will be observed: they will be saluted as above only whilst making the tour of their respective-commands, and the same general not oftener than twice a year by the same post.

3. Posts, within gun shot of water, will reciprocate similar salutes, gun for gun, with a ship of war not under the rate of a frigate, in passing, or as soon thereafter as may be agreed upon, but in no case shall the compliment exceed the national salute.

4. If the squadron or ship be American, the inferior, in relative rank, of the two land and sea officers, in the respective commands, will fire first the salute agreed upon.

5. If there be several such posts in sight of, or within six miles of each other, the principal only shall reciprocate compliments with ships passing.

6. The national salute shall be conformable to the number of states composing the Union, one gun for each state.

7. Salutes shall not be fired from calibres exceeding twelve pounders, if it can be avoided, and an interval of from seven to ten seconds will be observed between the guns.

8. The flag of the post, or fort, that fires a salute, and others in sight, will be displayed whilst the salute is firing, and all guards will turn out under arms.

ARTICLE 13.

Compliments—to the national anniversary.

1. On every fourth of July, at one o'clock, P. M. a national salute will be fired at every separate camp and post provided with long guns, when, also, if the weather permits, the troops will be under arms.

2. If there be several camps or posts so near each other that the firing at the one would be confounded with the firing at another, the salutes will be fired successively, observing an interval of ten minutes between them, and beginning at the principal camp or post.

ARTICLE 14.

Honours—to the Dead.

1. The commander of any camp or post, on receiving certain intelligence of the death of the President of the United States, shall, on the following day, cause a gun to be fired at every half hour, beginning at sunrise, and ending at sunset. If two or more camps or posts be so situated that the firing at the one would be confounded with the firing at another, that which is commanded by the superior officer will alone fire.

2. Funeral escorts will be composed as follows: for a major general's funeral, a battalion, a squadron, and two pieces of artillery; for a brigadier's, a battalion and one troop; for a colonel's, a battalion; for a lieutenant colonel's, six companies; for a major's, four companies; for a captain's, two companies ; for a subaltern's, one company ; for a sergeant's, twenty men; for a corporal's, twelve men ', and for a private's, eight men, with a suitable allowance of music in each case—the whole escort on foot.

3. The funeral escorts of staff officers not having rank assimilated to lineal rank, will be regulated according to the qualified assimilation contained in par. 6. Art. 2.

4. A funeral escort will be commanded by an officer or non-commissioned officer of the grade of the deceased, or that next below or above such grade, according to the rank of the persons present, but in the case of a deceased private, a corporal will command the escort.

5. The pall bearers, six in number, will be detailed from the grade of the deceased, or from the grade or grades next above or below it.

6. At the funeral of an officer, as many in commission, of the army, division, brigade, or regiment, according to the rank of the deceased, as can conveniently be spared from other duties, will join in procession in uniform and with side arms. The funeral of a non-commissioned officer or private will be attended, in like manner, by the non-commissioned officers or privates of the regiment or company, according to the rank of the deceased, with side arms only.

7. The escort, at shouldered arms, bayonets unfixed, being in line opposite the tent or quarters of the deceased, will receive the coffin with the highest salute. When it has cleared the right of the escort, the latter will break into open column, left in front, and in that order precede the deceased to. the grave. Artillery and cavalry, if a part of the escort, will be preceded by the infantry.

8. Before putting the column in march, the commander will cause arms to be reversed, which will be executed by bringing the firelock under the left arm, the butt to the front, the barrel downwards, the muzzle within inches of the ground, the left hand sustaining the lock, and the right steadying the firelock behind the back; swords are reversed in a similar manner under the right arm.

9. Persons joining in the procession, follow the coffin in the inverse order of their rank, side arms by their sides.

10. The column will be marched to solemn music, and with its pivot flank next to the grave; when opposite, the commander will cause arms to be shouldered, and the line to be formed.

11. When the coffin is brought along the front, the escort will salute it. as before; and again shoulder arms when it reaches the grave; when, the commander will give orders to prime and load.

12. As the coffin is let down, the escort, including the artillery, will fire the first round; and a third, or last, at the moment the interment is ended. The column will be re-formed, right in front, and marched off to music in quick time; the music not to begin until clear of the enclosure.

13. If there be a chaplain to perform divine service, the escort, after saluting at the grave, will rest on arms, which is done by placing the muzzle on the left foot, both hands on the butt, the head on the hands, and the right knee a little bent. In this case, the three rounds will be fired after the interment is ended.

14. On the day on which the general-in-chief of an army in the field is interred, a gun will be fired at every half hour, beginning at sunrise, and ending when the procession moves ; and the whole line present will be under arms from the commencement of the procession until the interment is ended.

15. When the commander of a regiment falls under its colours, the regimental colour will be faced with black crape four inches in width, and so remain for the space of two months.

16. Officers in funeral processions will wear black crape attached to the hilts of their swords. As family mourning, crape will be only worn by officers (when in uniform) around the left arm.

17. The drums of a funeral escort will be covered with black crape or thin black serge.

ARTICLE 15.

Miscellaneous.

1. Similar compliments to those which are due to a major general, from guards, troops under review, or posts, as such, may be paid to either of the following personages, present by invitation from the commanding officer, to wit:—the chiefs of the Executive Department of the United States' government, not before mentioned; the President pro tern, of the United States' Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, the Chief Justice of the United States, and the Governors of states and territories, within their respective geographical limits.

2. Any compliment or honour due to officers of the land forces may be paid to naval officers, according to relative rank, by order of the commanding officer.

3. Foreign officers, present by invitation from the general of an army in the field, or the commander of a geographical division or department, may also be complimented, according to relative rank, by guards, troops under review, or posts, by order of such commander.

SECTION III.

INTERIOR ECONOMY OF REGIMENTS AND COMPANIES.

ARTICLE 16

Unanimity, or esprit de corps.

1. A spirit of good will, and even of brotherhood, particularly among the members of the same regiment, are essential to the good of the service, and to establish which the colonel will use the legal power and moral influence belonging to his rank and station. Timely interference to prevent disputes among officers, or to heal them, if they should unfortunately arise; advice to the young and the inexperienced; parental reprehensions (in private) of the disorderly, and prompt arrests of the disobedient, are among his surest means of accomplishing those highly important ends, and towards the attainment of which he cannot fail to receive the support of every well disposed officer.—The general deportment of officers towards juniors, or inferiors, will also be carefully watched and regulated. If this be cold or harsh on the one hand, or grossly familiar on the other, the harmony and discipline of the corps cannot be maintained. The examples are numerous and brilliant in which the most conciliatory manners have been found perfectly compatible with the exercise of the strictest command; and the officer who does not unite a high degree of moral vigour, with that civility which springs from the heart, cannot too soon choose another profession, in which imbecility would be less conspicuous, and harshness less wounding and oppressive.

ARTICLE 17.

Instruction.

1. The colonel will exert himself to the utmost in the instruction of the entire regiment under him; he will cause it to execute, frequently, the exercises and movements prescribed for the arm of service to which he belongs, and, more particularly, those which are most likely to be necessary in the presence of an enemy; he will, at those exercises, direct the field officers and captains, successively, to give, in his presence, the words of command, and superintend their execution; he will march the regiment, successively, two, three, four, and five miles, in hot weather, without halting, to accustom it to service under that circumstance: he will establish athletic, and encourage all manly exercises (including swimming) among both officers and men; he will cause the latter to be instructed how to clean and preserve their arms, accoutrements, and clothing; to preserve their ammunition; to make cartridges, gabions, and fascines; to form trenches and abat- tis; to pitch and strike tents; to pack knapsacks; to construct camp ovens and kitchens; to make bread and soups; and, in general, to do every thing necessary to the health, pride, and efficiency, of the regiment, with a view to a vigorous campaign.

ARTICLE 18.

System of responsibility.

1. The colonel will be responsible to his immediate commander for the good order and efficiency of the regiment, and will himself conform to, and cause to be executed, the military laws, regulations and orders applicable to his command.

2. In campaign, when the regiment is divided, he will remain with that part, the position of which he may judge to be the most important, unless otherwise ordered by his immediate commander.

3. The organization of a regiment in the order of battle will be taken as the basis of its division, with a view to interior police or economy. The lieutenant colonel will be charged with the care of the right wing, and the major of the left, under the supervision of the colonel; and the captains will be immediately responsible to the field officers of their respective wings.

4. Every company will be divided into four squads, and numbered, beginning on the right of the company in the order of battle, and ending on the left, with a non-commissioned officer at the head of each, who will be immediately responsible to one of the lieutenants, among whom the squads will be distributed, as the latter will be to the captain.

5. If there be not a sufficient number of non-commissioned officers with the company to take charge of the squads, exclusive of the first sergeant, (who is never to be put on that duty, nor on any other which takes him from the company) privates, the best qualified, will be substituted as lance-corporals.

6. The band will form a separate squad, under its proper chief, who will be immediately responsible to the adjutant ; or the musicians will fall into the squads of their respective companies, at the discretion of the colonel.

7. As far as practicable, squads will be kept separate, whether in tents or quarters; and the men of each will be numbered according to their qualifications, in order that the highest in number present, may, as lance-corporal, command the squad in the absence of non-commissioned officers and lance-corporals—and the inexperienced soldiers will be mixed with the old.

8. The adjutant, assisted by the sergeant major; the quartermaster, assisted by the quartermaster sergeant; the paymaster, assisted by a non-commissioned officer; and the surgeon, assisted by his mates, will be immediately responsible to the colonel in their respective departments of duty. The surgeon will also be responsible to the field officers of the respective wings, that the sick, in tents or quarters, do not suffer for the want of medical assistance.

Article 19.

Appointment of certain commissioned staff officers ; appointment and degradation of non-commissioned officers.

1. Adjutants, quartermasters, and conductors of artillery, will be selected by the commander of the regiment or battalion, and announced in orders. These staff appointments will be held during the pleasure of the colonel or other permanent chief, and cannot be vacated at the pleasure of a temporary commander.

2. The appointment of paymasters is reserved to the executive.

3. It is at all times competent for the commander, when he shall judge that the good of the service requires it, to put an individual of his staff temporarily on lineal duties —that is, when the individual holds rank in the line.

4. In the absence of the permanent staff at head quar ters, a temporary staff may be appointed to act as such. So, if two or more companies be serving together without a permanent staff, the commander of the detachment may appoint an acting staff.

5. The non-commissioned staff will be selected by the colonel; the non-commissioned officers of companies will also be appointed by him, but, on recommendations made by the respective captains, where no strong objection exists to the individuals nominated. In the latter case, other individuals will be offered to the colonel.

6. Every non-commissioned officer will be furnished with a certificate of his rank, signed by the colonel and countersigned by the adjutant,—assimilated, as near as may be, to the commission of an officer.

7. The appointment of every non-commissioned officer will be announced in regimental orders; after which, he cannot be degraded, except for incapacity, or misconduct proven before a court, and if found guilty of a slight offence, the punishment shall not exceed redaction to the ranks, '

8. As far as practicable, the selection of company sergeants shall be made from the corporals. Appointments to the rank of corporal, or promotions to that of sergeant, may be made from one company into another company of the same regiment, having the approbation of the captain into whose company such transfer is made.

9. No appointment or promotion to the rank of noncommissioned officer shall be made in any company which has, at the time, its full proportion of non-commissioned officers, according to the number of privates therein, with reference to the legal establishment.

Article 20.

System for encouraging good conduct by the appointment of lance-corporals,

1. The three officers highest in rank present with the regiment, assisted by the adjutant as secretary, will hold a board on the first day of every other month in the year, for the purpose of considering the pretensions of such privates as may offer themselves in person, or may send in their names for the rank and distinction of lance-corporal, which shall be accorded to every private, on satisfactory proof that he has been active in the performance of his duties, and exemplary in his general deportment .during the preceding six months.

2. This distinction will not change the pay of the individual, nor exempt him from the duties of a private soldier, under which character he will still be home on all reports and muster rolls; but it shall give him the command of squads or detachments consisting of privates only, or other lance-corporals, his juniors.

3. A lance-corporal thus appointed will be announced in orders, and shall wear a distinctive badge, after which other privates or lance-corporals, his juniors, shall treat him with the respect due to a corporal, (that is, when he is in command as such,) nor shall he be deprived of his badge, except by the judgment of a court, and if found guilty of a slight offence, the punishment shall not exceed such deprivation.

4. As far as practicable, the selection of corporals will be made from lance-corporals.

5. Companies stationed at a distance from head quar- . ters may, by permission of the colonel, hold boards consisting of three officers for the purpose of conferring the rank of lance-corporal as above, or the names of applicants may be sent to the regimental board.

ARTICLE 21.

Selection of pioneers.

1. Intrepidity, strength, and activity, are the qualifications which will be considered the most necessary for pioneers, who will be nominated and put in orders, in the manner prescribed for company non-commissioned officers. The colonel will select one of the corporals of the regiment to command them when embodied.

Article 22.

Selections for Flank Companies.

1. Activity, lightness, hardihood, and a spirit of enterprise, are the qualifications to be sought for by the colonel in the selection of light infantry and rifle officers and men from the mass of the regiment.

2. On a war establishment, the flank companies will be kept as nearly complete as practicable. Under the other circumstance, selections will be made to keep them up to the average of the battalion companies present with the colours.

3. In time of peace, the colonel, to avoid jealousies, will, as often as practicable, rather fill the ranks of flank companies by selections from the mass of recruits brought to head quarters, than by selections from the ranks of the battalion companies.

ARTICLE 23.

Employment of soldiers, as clerks, mechanics, and waiters,

1. As these occupations impair, or derogate from the military character, they are to be strictly limited and watched ; and the designation or employment of men, not non- effective, in the ranks, as standing or permanent clerks; or the designation of men as permanent mechanics, in cases not expressly provided for, is positively prohibited.

2. If a soldier be required to assist his first sergeant in the clerical business of the company, to excuse him frtm a tour of military duty, the captain will previously 6j- tain the sanction of his own commander (if he has oie present) <and, whether there be a superior present or no;, the captain will be responsible that the man so employe! does not miss two successive tours of guard duty by rea son of such employment.

3. A clerk, required by a staff officer, for occasional office business, will be selected, as far as practicable, with the approbation of his captain; or, if required by a general staff officer, with the approbation, in like manner, of the commander next above the captain present.

4. Mechanics may be relieved from ordinary military duty, to make, to alter, or to mend, soldiers' necessaries; but no soldier shall be so relieved to work for the private benefit of an officer.

5. Captains will cause the men for whose benefit the mechanics have done work, to pay for the same at the next pay day, at the rate previously fixed by the council of administration. See par. 6 and 19. Art. 41.

6. Work done by soldiers, in the intervals of duty, for the private benefit of officers, will be paid for as soon as finished, at the rate previously and voluntarily agreed upon; and an officer known to have employed a soldier on such work, will be liable to arrest and punishment, as in the case of breach of orders, if he cannot produce a written receipt in full of such payment.

7. Work done by soldiers on necessary furniture for offices and quarters, will not be considered for the private benefit of the officers who use the furniture, if it be reported and registered as the property of the United States.

8. Each company officer, whilst actually with his company, will be allowed to take therefrom one private soldier as a waiter, with -the voluntary consent of the latter; and, in the case of a subaltern, with the approbation also of the captain as to the particular man selected. No other officer will be allowed to take a waiter from the line.

9 Occasional -voluntary services, rendered by private soldiers, as waiters, in the ordinary intervals of duty, will not be considered as falling under or violating the 6th and 8th paragraphs of this article.

10. Waiters will be exempted from all ordinary duties, excepting one tour of guard duty per month; but their employers will be responsible that they, and also company clerks, fall into their respective companies at all drills, (when not expressly excused by the commanding officer,) at all reviews, musters and inspections, and as often as a meeting with the enemy is expected*

Article 24.

Designation and consolidation of companies.

1. At the first organization of a regiment or independent battalion, the companies will be designated by letters of the alphabet, giving the first letters to the flank companies, according to the rank of the respective captains, or, if the rank be not settled, by lottery—and the next highest letters of the alphabet to the remaining companies, on the same principle.

2. Designations so given will be as permanent as the regiment or independent battalion. A change in the relative rank of the captains will of course change the positions of the companies in the habitual order of battle, whether the captains be present or not, but will not change the letters of the companies.

3. When any company, serving with the colours, cannot be kept up to the number of twenty-eight privates, the commander will designate a recruiting party, and transfer the remainder of the company to the other companies present. In this case, the captain and the party designated and sent on the recruiting service, would retain the letter of the company, and the books and papers belonging to it—excepting such papers as ought necessarily to go with the men transferred.

4. On the return to the regiment of a company sent on the recruiting service, the colonel will, if he thinks it expedient, re-transfer to it a part of the old soldiers in lieu of as many recruits.

5. In war, the minimum strength of companies, as fixed above, may be changed, in any particular army in the field, by the commander thereof.

Article 25.

Base of interior police and service.

1. A captain or subaltern, (according to the strength present) will be detailed daily as officer of the day, to watch over the execution of the police of the regiment, whose duties, nevertheless, will not dispense other officers from their habitual attention to similar objects, each within his sphere.

2. A police guard will be detailed daily, having a trumpeter or drummer attached to it, to sound the signals hereinafter prescribed, and such others as may be particularly ordered. See Art. 50.

3. The commandant of the guard will be immediately Responsible to the officer of the day, for the security of the prisoners in its charge; for the tranquillity of the tents or quarters of the regiment; for their safety from fire ; and for the due execution of the signals, &c. &c.

4. There will be daily five stated roll-calls. The result of each, except that made at retreat parade, will be verbally and promptly reported by the first sergeants to their respective captains, and, by the latter, in case of absence without leave, or desertion, to the adjutant, for the information of the colonel.

5. At the dawn of day, a signal or call will be made for the music to repair to the regimental parade, and five minutes after the call, the whole will commence the reveille, when both officers and men will rise. As soon as the music, ceases, the first sergeants will call their rolls in front (when the weather will permit) of the tents or quarters of the respective companies, each company being in the ha

bitual order of formation. In bad weather, permission may be given to make the call in tents or quarters, by the chiefs of squads.

6. The rolls being called, the chiefs of squads will immediately cause the men to put their tents or quarters in order; to sweep the space in front of them, (when the weather will permit) and, in camp, that between the tents and kite hens;—to water and feed horses; to dress them; and to clean the stables or ground on which the horses are picketted. At the same time, the commandant of the guard will cause the tents or quarters of the guard to be put in order, and the space around him to be swept, employing for these purposes the prisoners in preference to the guard. The duties mentioned in this paragraph shall be termed the general fatigue,

7. The result of this roll-call having been reported, verbally, in the first instance, will afterwards constitute the foundation of the written morning reports of companies, to be handed in to the adjutant before eight o'clock A. M. after being verified by the signatures of the respective first sergeants and captains. The reports will be consolidated in the next hour by the adjutant, for the information of the colonel; and if the consolidation is to be sent to a higher commander, it will be signed by the adjutant and colonel.

8. Fifteen minutes after eight o'clock A. M. the surgeon's call will be given, when each first sergeant will conduct to the dispensary the sick of the tents or quarters who are able to go thither without prejudice, and, at the same time, hand in to the surgeon a report of all the sick of the company other than those in hospital. The patients who cannot attend at the dispensary, will be, immediately after, if not before, visited by the surgeon.

9. The second stated roll-call will be at nine o'clock A. M. and the third at three o'clock P. M. the former immediately preceding breakfast, the latter immediately preceding dinner. For these purposes, the police drum, or trumpet, will sound appropriate signals, which will be immediately answered by the music of the several companies, by peas on the trencher for breakfast, and roast beef for dinner. At both meals, the roll of each company will be called, before commencing, by the first sergeant, if the company messes together, otherwise by the non-commissioned officers of the respective squads, and the result, in case of absentees, promptly reported to the first sergeant. The officer of the day will, as olten as practicable, make a visit of inspection to the mess-rooms at meal hours.

10. Thirty minutes after peas on the trencher, a call will be sounded for the fatigue party daily detailed for that purpose—(that is, when the number of prisoners confined in the police guard shall be insufficient) to turn out and sweep the i egimental parade, and such other parts of the camp or place as were not swept or cleaned after the reveille. This party shall be termed the daily fatigue.

11. In cavalry corps, there shall be a stable-call, forty minutes before noon, for watering, feeding, and dressing horses.

12. For the fourth roll-call or dress parade, a signal will be sounded, thirty minutes before sunset, for the music to assemble on the regimental parade. At the same time, each company will turn out under arms, for inspection by its officers, on its own parade.

13. Ten minutes after that signal, the adjutant's call will be given by the assembled musicians, at which each company will be marched to the regimental parade, and formed in its relative position, ranks opened, arms ordered, and standing-at-ease; the company officers will, at the same time, march out six paces to the front, face about to the line, each opposite to las place therein. The parade will be commanded by a field officer, or the senior officer present, who will take post at a suitable distance in front, opposite the centre, and facing the line.

14. The music will be formed in two ranks, on the right of the line, and from the adjutant's call to the retreat, the band, if there be one, will play.

15. Ten minutes before the setting of the sun, the adjutant will order the music to beat off, when the whole will commence on the right, beat to the left, and back again to their former position, marching along the front in both instances. The retreat will be concluded by three rolls, at the first of which, the adjutant and company officers will draw swords, and at the last, the company officers will face about from the line.

16. When the music ceases, the adjutant, being on the right, will command;—1st. Attention. 2d. Shoulder— Arms. 3d. Eight—Dress. When he sees all the ranks well aligned, he will add, 4th. Front, and march along the front to the centre, face to the right, and pass the line of company officers eight or ten paces, come to the right about, and again command—Present—Arms.

1T. Seeing this executed, he will face about to the commander, salute and report, " Sir, the parade is formed." The adjutant will then, on an intimation to that effect, take his station on the left of the commander, a pace retired, and put up sword.

18. The commander will draw sword, after acknowledging the salute of the line, and command, 1st. Shoulder —Arms, 2d. Eyes—Right, 3d. Eyes—Left, 4th. Front; and such other exercises as he may think proper, concluding with order—Arms ; stand-at-Ease.

19. On an intimation to call rolls, the adjutant will draw sword, advance upon the linealt at a proper distance, and order, 1st. First sergeants, to the front, 2d. March. At the first word, they will advance arms; at the second, march four paces to the front, and halt; when the adjutant will add, 3d. Call—Rolls ; at this word, the captains and first sergeants will face to the right about, and the latter execute the command, each under the inspection of his captain. Both captains and sergeants will then resume their proper fronts.

20. The adjutant will continue, 1st. First sergeants, inwards—Face : 2d. To the centre—March. When they meet and close on the centre, (halting as they close) he adds, 3d. Front—Face : 4th. Report. At the last word, each in succession, beginning at the right, will bring his firelock to a recover, and report distinctly, " all present or accounted for," " one absent," or the like, according to the fact.

21. The adjutant again: 1st. First sergeants, 2d. Outwards—Face. 3d. To your posts—March. At this word, each will resume his place, and order arms. The adjutant will now face to the commander, salute and report the result of the roll-call; then, on an intimation to that effect, face about to the line, and read such orders as he may have for the purpose, after the caution—attention to orders; when he will put up sword.

22. The reading ended, the adjutant again draws sword, faces to the commander, salutes and reports; when, on an intimation from the commander, he will face again to the line, and announce—" The parade is dismissed." At this, all the officers put up swords; the first sergeants will close ranks, and march off their respective companies; the adjutant places himself in the centre, in the rank of company officers; the latter face inwards, and close on the adjutant, when the senior captain orders: 1st. Front— Face : 2d. Forward—March. When within six or eight paces of the commander, they salute him with the hat and disperse.

23. When the extent of the line renders it difficult for the flanks to hear the orders read at the centre, the commander may cause the ranks to be closed, and one or two companies on each flank to he thrown forward, before the caution " attention to orders." In this case, the whole will be thrown back into line, before the annunciation "the parade is dismissed."

24. All company officers will be present at evening parade, unless specially excused, or on some duty incompatible with such attendance.

25. The parade itself may be dispensed with for some special reason, as on account of the weather, or on account of fatigue consequent on a march, or resulting from some particular service.

26. After retreat, when the regiment is in quarters, the chiefs of squads will cause the arms to be placed in the arm-racks, with the accoutrements attached to them. At the same hour, when in camp, the arms will be lodged in the bell-tents or bells-of-arms, if the companies are provided with such tents; otherwise, the arms will be secured under the same cover that shelters the men. In camp, when the weather will permit, the arms will be stacked after the general fatigue that follows the reveille, and sentinels placed over them, to be furnished by the police guard.

27. Ten minutes after retreat, or evening parade, a stable call will be sounded for watering, dressing and securing horses, and for spreading litter.

28. At a signal given, the music will again be assembled for tattoo i after which the rolls will be called the fifth time, as at the reveille. As soon as dismissed, the chiefs of squads will cause the lights to be extinguished, when the men will retire to rest, and remain perfectly quiet.

29. The signal for tattoo will be sounded at eight o'clock in summer, and at nine o'clock in winter, except for midsummer, when it shall not be given sooner than thirty minutes after the evening parade is dismissed. During the latter period, the signal for the reveille shall be made at sunrise.

30. In these regulations, the summer will be understood to commence on the 20th of March, and the winter on the 20th of September, each period embracing six months; and midsummer will be understood to embrace that period when the sun is above the horizon at seven o'clock P. M.

ARTICLE 26.

Arrests—confinements

1. At the head quarters of the regiment, the commander alone will have the power to order an officer into a state of arrest, except for mutiny, or wilful disobedience of orders, or for some other offence expressly designated, as in the 27th article of the rules and articles of war. Such arrests will be promptly reported to the commander for his approbation.

2. An application for the arrest of an officer, however formal, is not obligatory on the commander. He will exercise a sound discretion on the subject. But, in all applications for redress of grievances inflicted by a superior, it shall be the duty of a commanding officer, in case he shall not deem it proper to order a court-martial, to give, on a request from the party aggrieved, his reasons, in writing, for such refusal.

3. In ordinary cases, an officer above the rank of captain will be placed in arrest by sealed instructions to that effect, addressed to him. If under the rank of major, he may be placed in arrest by a verbal order, in any case. The sword of an officer in arrest need not be taken from his tent or quarters, under ordinary circumstances. The arrest itself will sufficiently deprive him of the use of it.

4. An arrested officer may have larger limits than his tent or quarters assigned him, on written application to that effect, addressed to the commander, at the discretion of the latter.

5. The arrest of an officer or man, serving immediately under another officer, will be promptly reported, or notified, to the latter, by the authority ordering the arrest.

6. Individuals placed in arrest may be released therefrom—1st. By the commander of the regiment, unless the arrest was ordered by higher authority. 2d. By the com-' mander of the company, under the same restriction; and further, unless the individual be under guard, in which case the sanction of the authority that detailed the guard would be necessary. 3d. By the officer of the day, immediately after guard mounting, in the case of prisoners not confined by-virtue of a written charge or accusation, signed by competent authority; the intention of this regulation being, that no individual shall be confined under guard longer than twenty-four hours at the same time, without such charge or accusation. 4th. By due course of trial.

7. On a march, company officers and non-commissioned officers in a state of arrest will follow in the rear of their respective companies, unless otherwise particularly ordered. Field officers and commissioned and non-commissioned staff officers, under the same circumstances, will follow in the rear of their respective regiments. Other persons in arrest will be escorted by the police guard, or a detachment from it.

8. The arms, &c. of non-commissioned officers and privates in arrest, will be deposited with the first sergeant of the company. On a march, they may be transported with the baggage of the company.

9. An officer under arrest will not make a visit of etiquette or courtesy to a superior, without express invitation; and in case of business, he would make known his wants by communication in writing.

ARTICLE 27.

Messing.

1. Bread and soup are the great items of a soldier's diet in every situation: to make them well is, therefore, an essential part of his instruction. Those great scourges of a camp life, the scurvy and diarrhoea, more frequently result from a want of skill in cooking, than from the Imd- ness of the ration, or from any other cause whatever. Officers in command, and more immediately regimental officers, will therefore give a strict attention to this vital branch of interior economy, with a view to which, as well as to multiply their resources in time of siege or scarcity, they will do well to read the articles "Baking," and " Bread," in the different Encyclop«dias.

2. The colonel will frequently cause the quartermaster or quartermaster sergeant to visit the bakery, and to inspect all the materials of which the soldiers' bread is made. It is also prudent to send occasionally a well qualified man to watch over the process of kneading, to guard against the mixing of cheap but deleterious substances with the dough, as damaged flour, &c.

3. No quartermaster or quartermaster sergeant can be deemed instructed in his duties, until he has followed up, once at least, the whole process of converting a barrel of flour into good bread.

4. A barrel, or 196 pounds of flour, when in dough, holds about 11 gallons, or 90 pounds of water, 2 gallons yeast, and 3 pounds salt, making a mass of 305 pounds, which evaporates in kneading, baking and cooling, about 40 pounds, leaving in bread weighed, when stale, about 265 pounds.

5. The weight and quality of bread will be frequently and carefully verified. Its quality will be judged by colour, smell, and still more, by taste.

6. Bread ought not to be burnt, but baked to an equal brown colour. The crust ought not to be detached from the crum. On opening it, when fresh, one ought to smell a sweet and balsamic odour.

7. In making biscuits or hard bread, the evaporation is about fifty-four pounds, so that the barrel of flour yields but one hundred and eighty-two pounds of biscuits. Double baked bread loses, in like manner, about ninety-five pounds, and keeps much longer than that which is singly baked.

8. The troops ought not to be allowed to eat soft bread v fresh from the oven, without first toasting it. This process renders it nearly as wholesome and nutritious as stale bread.

9. Fresh meat ought not to be cooked before it has had time to bleed and to cool; and meats will generally be Ixnledf with a view to soup; sometimes roasted or baked, but never fried.

10. Fresh meat issued to the soldiers in advance, in hot weather, may be preserved by half boiling it ; or, if there be not time for that operation, the meat may be kept some twenty-four hours, by previously exposing it, for a few minutes, to a very thick smoke.

11. To make soup, put into the vessel at the rate of five pints of water to a pound of fresh meat; apply a quick heat, to make it boil promptly; skim off the foam, and then moderate the fire; salt is then put in, according to the palate. Add the vegetables of the season one or two hours, and sliced bread some minutes before the simmering is ended. When the broth is sensibly reduced in quantity, that is, after five or six hours' cooking, the process will be complete.

12. If a part of the meat is to be withdrawn before the soup is fully made, the quantity of water will be proportionably less. Hard or dry vegetables will be put in eais lier than is above indicated.

13. The choice of water for bread, soup, or for boiling vegetables, is essential. As far as practicable, limpid water, without scent or peculiar taste, and which dissolves- soap freely, only will be used. River or rain water is- preferable to that of springs, wells or ponds. Hard or dry vegetables, as pulse and rice, cannot be weJ) cooked in water that rests on, or passes over, calcareous earths.

14. Vinegar, particularly in hot weather, is essential to the. soldier's mess. Great care will be taken to procure that which is of a good quality; and the surgeons will frequently be consulted on the subject of this article, as on every other interesting to the health of the troops.

15. Messes will be prepared by privates of squads, including private musicians, each taking his tour; and the greatest care will be observed in scouring and washing the utensils employed in cooking. Those made of brass or copper will not be used, unless, in the case of copper, the vessel he well lined with tin.

16. The chiefs of squads, after peas on the trencher, will cause the messes of their respective men on guard to be set apart for them, until they are relieved, and send by the cooks the soup, &c. which may be due them after roast beef. These attentions will never be omitted in cases not provided for in par. 3, Art. 50, and par. 4, Art. 52.

17. The messes of prisoners will be sent to them in a manner similar to the above.

18. The difference between bread and flour being about per centum on flour, the troops will bake their own bread as often as practicable, and the saving operated thereby carried to the debit of the post or regimental fund. See par. 11 and 14 inclusive, Art. 41.

ARTICLE 28.

Dress-personal cleanliness and neatness.

2. It is essential to cleanliness and health, that the soldiers should change their linen at least thrice a week in midsummer, and twice a week, (on Sundays and Thursdays) during the remainder of the year. See par. 30, Art. 25.

3. All the parts of the dress will be kept in a state of the greatest neatness possible. Those which are of woollen cloth will not be washed.

4. White woollen clothes will be cleaned in the following manner:—extend the garment on a table; sprinkle it with bran very dry, mixed with a little Spanish whiting; rub them in well, and beat the garment with a smooth roll or mallet until the dust disappears, then brush it.

5. Spots of dirt and grease, or stains, will be taken out by the application of pipe clay moistened with saliva from an empty stomach. Scratch the place lightly, when it is dry, and then beat it. If the spot remains, moisten it with a little soap and water, and then wash out the soap.

6. To take out spots of tar, dissolve the tar with fresh butter, and then proceed as in par. 5.

7. Spots on scarlet cloth are removed by the application of lemon juice or vinegar.

8. Buttons will be cleaned with chalk or Spanish whit- ing, moistened. To protect the cloth during the opera- tion, the buttons will be separated from it by means of a thin board, having a long slit to receive the eyes, terminating in a circular aperture, through which the buttons are passed, Every squad will be provided with such boards.

9. When on fatigue or police parties, the soldiers will not be permitted to wear their parade dress.

10. Laundresses employed to wash soldiers' clothes will be paid by the piece, according to a rate previously fixed by the council of administration. See par. 6 and 19, Art. 41.

11. Non-commissioned officers, in command of squads, will be held more immediately responsible that their men strictly observe what is prescribed above; (par. 2 and 9 inclusive;) that they wash their hands and faces daily— habitually, immediately after the general fatigue ; that they, at the same time, shave themselves (if necessary,) and brush or comb their heads; that, afterwards, those who are to go on duty, put their arms, accoutrements, dress, &c. in the best order, and that such as have permission to pass the chain of sentinels, are in the dress that pay be ordered.

ARTICLE 30.

Accoutrements.

1. Buff or white leather will be cleaned as follows: First method. Take several handfuls of bran, and boil it in water, which afterwards draw off clear; make a paste of pipe clay with this water, and, when cold, apply it to the buff. Second. Take pipe clay and steep it a quarter of an hour in pure water; change the water, and dissolve

a sufficient quantity of soap in it. This mixture is recommended for the cleaning of buff or white leather. Third. Clean the buff with a brush dipped in clear water; leave it to dry in the shade; take white lead, steeped at least twenty-four hours in pure water, (several times changed, to deprive the lead of its corrosive quality,) and, by means of a brush, put on as many coats of this whiting as may be necessary, taking care to let each coat dry in the shade before another is added. The whiting should be tempered with water so as not to be too liquid or too thick.

2. Cartouch boxes will be kept polished with varnish, or blacking. The former is preferable, as the polish it gives will last several years, if protected by a cover, or case, and occasionally aided by the application of a little oil to the inside of the leather.

3. To make blacking, melt a pound of white bees' wax, and add to it about an ounce of gum arabic; pour a part of the wax on an ounce of ivory black, and mix them well together; place the whole on the fire; stir the composition gently until it simmers, then strain and mould it.

4. If white wax cannot be had, yellow may be substituted ; but in this case the quantity of gum arabic will be nearly doubled; that is, something less than two ounces will be necessary. When ivory black cannot be had, that procured from grape vines may be substituted.

5. If the cartouch box is new, the entire surface will be scraped, and afterwards rubbed smooth with pumice stone, to receive the blacking, which will be laid on strongly and equally, exposing each coat to a light blaze from a few very dry straws, before another is applied, taking care to warm the wax, and not the leather. Each coat of blacking will be rubbed in with a polished bone, or some other hard smooth substance, and when the last coat is quite even, polish it with a piece of fine, smooth cork ; then, when cold, wipe the surface with linen, or fine cloth; and finally, rub it lightly with the palm of the hand, to make it shine.

6. Old boxes, which are greasy, or which refuse a polish, will be scraped with a knife, after exposing them ta a blaze, as above, when they will be polished anew.

ARTICLE 31.

Preservation of Arms.

1. Fire arms are very liable to be damaged, or rendered unfit for service, under the operations of dismounting, cleaning and remounting ; to guard against which, with the exception of the flint-screw, not a screw nor a pipe will be moved by the soldier, without express permission from the proper authority; and the non-commissioned officers of squads will be habitually charged with the care of the screw-drivers, ball-screw, and other similar implements appertaining to the respective squads.

2. If there be an armourer present, he alone will be entrusted to dismount, or take to pieces, the lock, or to remount it. A hand-vice will be necessary in this operation, and great care required in the compression of the springs.

3. Anvil dust well sifted through an old stocking, and moistened with sweet oil, or emery, will be employed to remove rust, and very soft wood for rubbing or polishing. In cases of necessity, brick dust, sifted and moistened with oil, may be substituted for emery or anvil dust.

4. When the barrels of the arms are not brown, great care will be taken, in rubbing them, to prevent bruising or bending. The barrels ought never to be rubbed lengthwise, particularly without being laid flat on a board or table.

5. Brass mountings will be cleaned with fine brick dust moistened with vinegar, and all the parts of the firelock will be carefully wiped after cleaning.

6. The bore of the firelock will, at all times, except in exercise, be secured against the weather by means of a tompion. After firings, it will be necessary to wash it out, to wipe it dry, and then to pass a bit of cloth, slightly greased, to the bottom

7. In these operations, a rod of wood, with a loop in one end, is to be preferred. The ramrod is never to be employed if it can possibly be avoided.

8. The soldier, to secure his firelock against approaching dew or rain, will carefully oil the metallic parts, wiping the oil off when the weather brightens. A rind of fresh pork; without salt, may be well substituted in this operation for a cloth steeped in oil. See par. 26, Art. 25.

9. Under the same circumstances, he will place the lock cover or case, (made of leather) as a particular security for the lock.

10. With a view to action, it is important that the fixture of the flints should be carefully examined. They will be fixed with a view to effect, more than to uniformity; thus, it may be frequently necessary to place the flat side up, on account of the relative height of the cock and hammer.

11. The thick end of the flint will always be enveloped in a bit of sheet lead, (or a bullet hammered out,) cut to a shape corresponding with the part of the cock which receives it. After being closely screwed, the cock ought to be let down gently, to ascertain whether the edge of the flint strikes fully and equally the surface of the hammer. The lock will never be snapped without express permission. The flint ought to strike at the distance of about a third of the length of the hammer from the top.

12. In firings, the soldier will frequently cast his eye on the flint, and promptly correct any derangement which may take place in its fixture..

13. For exercise, each soldier will keep himself provided with a bit of wood as a substitute for a flint.

14. The following vicious practices, connected with the substance of this article, are not to be permitted or tolerated :—using the ramrod to turn the flint-screw; heating the ramrod, under the pretence of enlarging its canal in the lower part of the stock; cutting or filing any part of the stock, under the pretence of making the firelock tell or resound in exercise; putting oil on screws which let into -wood, instead of tallow; displacing the butt-plate and the trigger-guard,—they ought to be cleaned on the stock; polishing the barrel with the ramrod; sticking the bayonet, fixed or unfixed, into the ground ; and finally, all other similar practices which go to injure the firelock or any of its parts.

ARTICLE 32.

Knapsacks and havresacks.

1. If these be too heavy, the soldier will be fatigued in marching, and encumbered in exercise or action. If they are taken off on approaching the enemy, the loss of them is almost certain, whether he pursues or is pursued. They therefore will be worn on such occasions, unless the contrary be expressly ordered by the highest in rank in the field; and to remedy the other evils or inconveniences, those equipments ought to be light, of a convenient form, and so adapted to the body as to give the least possible fatigue or constraint.

2. Knapsacks, valises, &c. will be carefully and frequently inspected, and if found on a march to contain any thing beyond the necessaries hereinafter mentioned, such excess will be thrown away.

3. The necessaries which will be allowed to each knapsack are as follows:—two shirts, a pair of socks or stockings, a handkerchief, a pair of shoes, a blanket, a forage cap, a fatigue apron, a spoon, some blacking, some whiting, a bit of greased cloth, and,'in latitudes or seasons in which linen pantaloons are worn, one pair of pantaloons.

4. There will be allowed, in addition, per squad, four brushes, a shaving case, a flask of oil, two button-boards, some cork, and a polisher, (for cartouch-boxes,) and four ball-screws, to be distributed among the knapsacks of the squad. Knives, combs and screw-drivers, may be carried in knapsacks, but, near the enemy, the screw-drivera ought to be more at hand.

5. The necessaries will be put into the knapsack in such manner that those most in use, or first wanted, may be most at hand. Each garment will be rolled or folded, and compressed into the smallest space. The blanket will be folded to a size corresponding with the flap, and placed between it and the knapsack.

6. Great coats, allowed the troops in certain latitudes, will, when not actually worn, be neatly rolled, (beginning at the collar,) strapped, and buckled on the knapsack, in an uniform manner. Small tin kettles, or stew pans, will, also, be buckled on the knapsacks on a march. Those of a larger size will be carried in the hand by the privates (in rotation) to prevent injury to the dress or appointments.

7. Havresacks will be strictly confined to their proper destination, to wit:—the reception of provisions issued in advance. To prevent blood or grease from injuring the dress through the havresack, the soldier will wrap his meat in cloth, paper, or leaves, and place his bread on the inner side. Havresacks will be frequently washed.

ARTICLE 33.

Colours—Drums.

1. In the night, the colours or standards will always be kept furled, and cased in oil-cloth, and also during the day, except when approaching the enemy, at reviews, inspections, and on other occasions of show.

2. In barracks and cantonments, they will be lodged in the quarters of the commandant. At all other times, when not carried, a sentinel will be placed over them, with strict instructions to prevent removal, handling, or injury. This sentinel will be furnished by the police guard.

3. Drums, when not slung for beating, will be cased, and at all times protected against the weather as far as practicable. At the same time their cords will be slackened.

4. The drummers will be furnished with a piece of sheep-skin, dressed with the wool on; (the colour of the wool to correspond, as nearly as may be, with that of the pantaloons) as a guard to the left thigh, and fastened around the waist, and at the knee, by means of straps and buckles.

5. When in camp, the colours will be planted ten paces in front of the centre of the regiment, and the drums piled up behind them. See par. 11, Art. 47.

ARTICLE 34.

Ammunition.

1. Service ammunition, issued to the troops, will be charged against them, and, to prevent waste or injury, the boxes will be inspected twice a day, and particularly at evening roll-call. Each man will be made to pay for the rounds expended without orders, or not in the way of duty, or which may be damaged by his neglect. Ammunition will frequently be sunned.

2. After guard dismounting, the arms will be discharged at a target erected for the purpose, and if there be not one, the charges will be drawn, and the powder and ball delivered over to the quartermaster by the non-commissioned officers of the squads or guards.

3. At no time, and under no pretence, are the arms to be left charged when the men are off duty, or not in expectation of an attack, as the most fatal effects would frequently follow a neglect of this injunction.

4. Ammunition issued for exercise will be carefully inspected, to guard against accidents. This security will be much aided by making up blank cartridges in paper of a colour different from that used for service ammunition.

ARTICLE 35.

Marking of public property, and of individuals necessaries.

1. Arms numbered by the manufacturer may be sufficiently designated by such number, without other marks.

2. United States' horses and draft cattle, in the use of a regiment, or of individual officers, will each be branded with the letters " U. S." on some conspicuous part. The same letters will be placed on public carriages of every description, and on these the number of the regiment will be added to the letters " U. S."

3. Knapsacks, havresacks, water flasks, (or canteens,} tents, and other camp equipage, will be conspicuously marked with the number of the regiment, the letter of the company, and a running number for each description of Marking, $<;. Injunctions, $c. Books, Arts. 35,36,37. 55

article. The tents of the field and staff officers will each be similarly marked, with the rank of the occupant.

4. The same marks as in the case of knapsacks wilj be placed on the inside, of accoutrements.

5. In charging the foregoing articles of property, or of equipment, in the proper books, the marks will be noted.

6. All soldiers' necessaries will be durably marked, as far as practicable, with the number of the regiment, the letter of the company, and the names of the individuals to whom they appertain.

7. Officers' trunks, cases, portmanteaux, and the like, will also be particularly designated by the names and additions of their owners.

ARTICLE 59.

Form and course of Inspections,

1. The inspection of the troops will generally be preceded by a review, the form of which has been prescribed under Art. 9. The present example embraces a regiment of infantry. The inspecting officer, and the field and staff officers, will be on foot.

2. The battalion being in the order of battle, and all the men of each company standing contiguous to each other,—on an intimation from the inspector, the colonel will cause the regiment to break into open column of companies, the right in front, each company entire. He will next order the ranks to be opened, at which the co- lours and colour guard will, under the conduct of the adjutant, be placed ten paces ahead of the column.

3. The colonel, seeing the ranks aligned, will add: Officers and non-commissioned officers, to the front of your companies—March ; on which the officers will form themselves in one rank eight paces, and the non-commissioned officers in one rank six paces, in advance, along the fronts of their respective companies, in the order of rank, the highest on the right, and the lowest on the left; the pioneer and music of each company at the same time take post two paces behind the non-commissioned officers.

4. Seeing the last order in a train of execution, the colonel will command—Field and staff, to the fronts March. The commissioned officers thus designated will form themselves in one rank six paces in front of the colours, and in the following order, beginning on the right: —Lieutenant colonel, major, adjutant, quartermaster, paymaster, surgeon, surgeon's mates. The non-commissioned staff form themselves in a similar manner, two paces in the rear of the preceding ra'nk. The band, if there be one, will be formed in one rank ten paces in the rear of the column, the chief musician four paces in its front.

5. The colonel will now take post on the right of the lieutenant colonel; but such of the field officers as may be superior in rank to the inspector, will not take post as above.

6. The inspection will commence in front. After inspecting the dress and general appearance of the field and commissioned staff under arms, accompanied by these, officers, the inspector will pass down the open column, looking at every rank in front and in rear with a view to the same objects, viz—dress and general appearance under arms.

7. The colonel will now command: order—Arms; stand- at—Eash :—for the whole column ; when the inspector will proceed to make a minute inspection of the several ranks or divisions in succession, commencing in front.

8. On approaching the non-commissioned staff and the band, the adjutant will give the necessary orders for the inspection of knapsacks. In like manner, in the case of the rolour guard, &c. he will give the orders for arms, boxes and knapsacks. To enable the colour bearers to display their knapsacks, after bringing the colours to an order, (as arms are brought to an order after inspection) they will be planted firm in the ground. This division being inspected, the adjutant may direct the arms to be piled, and the non-commissioned officers to disperse, until the colours are to be escorted back to the place from which they were taken. The non-commissioned staff may be dismissed as soon as inspected.

9. As the inspector successively approaches the companies, each captain will command:—Attention, Spring —Ramrods; Shoulder—Arms; Open—Pans; when the inspector will commence with those of the non-commissioned officers, and go through with the whole company. The captain will then add, open—Boxes; See "inspection of arms," Field exercise, Sfc. of Infantry.

10. The hoxes having been inspected, the captain will next command :— Attention, shoulder—Arms ; front rank, right about,—Face ; rear rank, close order—March ; trail—Arms ; pile—Arms ; front rank, right about,—Tace ; rear rank, open order—March; unsling—Knapsacks; stand-at—Ease.

11. The knapsacks will be placed at the feet of the men, the flaps from them, with the great coats on the flaps, and the knapsacks leaning forward on the great coats. In this position, the inspector will examine the contents of the whole, or of as many as he may think necessary, beginning again with the non-commissioned officers, noticing, in passing, the tools, &c. of the pioneers, and the drums of the musicians.

12. As the inspector passes the companies, they will, successively, under the orders of the respective captains, re-pack and re-sling knapsacks, resume their arms, and file off to their tents or quarters, excepting the company that is to re-escort the colours, which will await the further orders of the colonel.

13. In an extensive column, some of the rearmost divisions might; after the inspection of dress and general appearance, be permitted to pile arms, awaiting the approach of the inspector. In this case, such divisions would resume the position above supposed, before the minute inspection.

14. If the troops are to be mustered with a view to payment, it will be done after the inspection, when the injunction contained in the latter part of par. 23. Art. 44, will be strictly observed. The original or proof roll of- each company by which the muster is made, with the remarks and verifications in the hand writing of the inspector, will be the check on the duplicates or triplicates to be made out by the captains for the signature of the mustering officer.

15. The inspection of the troops ended, the Held anil staff will next accompany the inspector to the hospital,. magazine, arsenal, quarters, sutler's shop, &c. &c. The captains and subalterns will precede him in his visits to their companies and sections respectively.

16. The hospital is at all times an object of the most. particular interest. No neglect or defect, under this head, will be overlooked or tolerated.

17. The surgeon will show the inspector the wards, the patients, bunks, dispensary, kitchen, &c. &c. The whole will be carefully inspected.

18. On entering the company-quarters, the inspector will be received by the men arranged around their chambers, standing. At the word—Attention, given by the non-commissioned officer of the squad, the men, if in uniform^ will compliment the inspector by the hand salute : if not in uniform, by taking off forage caps.

19. The inspector will examine the general arrangement of the interior; the bunks and bedding; cooking and table utensils, &c. &c.; and afterwards the exterior neatness of the quarters.

20. The adjutant will cause the sergeant major to exhibit to the inspector the regimental office, or books and papers. In like manner, each captain will cause those of the company to be exhibited to the inspector whilst he is making the tour of the quarters.

21. In the inspection of the quarters, &c. as well as in that of the troops under arms, the inspector will make written memoranda, on the spot, or cause one of his staff to do so, of every defect or neglect observed, together with any particular excellence that may strike his attention.

22. On these memoranda will he founded the censure or commendation which may afterwards be given in orders ; and also the semi-annual confidential report made to the War Department.

23. The commander of every regiment or post, will make similar inspections of hospitals, magazines, quarters, &c. &c.; also of arms, clothing, &c. monthly, and as much oftener as may be deemed necessary.

24. Captains will do the like on every Sunday morning, and the lieutenants of sections on every Thursday morning, each in regard to his company or section respectively ; and the surgeon will make a thorough inspection of his hospital, &c. every Sunday morning.

25. Besides those inspections, daily visits will be made to the quarters of their men, or patients, by the officers mentioned in the preceding paragraph respectively; and the colonel, or other commander, will make frequent general visits, in the course of the month, to the men's quarters, the hospital, guard-house, &c. &c.

ARTICLE 42.

Assembly—inspection and parade of guards.

1. All guards will be turned off at noon, except when a different hour is appointed by the commander of the army, troops, or post, on account of the heat of the weather, or s,ome other special reason.

2. Thirty minutes before that hour a signal will he made for the details to turn out, when the men from each company will be inspected by the first sergeant, under the superintendence of an officer of the company.

3. Ten minutes after the preceding signal, a second will he sounded, at which the first sergeants will conduct the company details to the regimental parade, each detachment for the same guard taking post on the left of that which preceded it, (under the direction of the adjutant,) in open order, arms shouldered and bayonets fixed. The adjutant, as he successively accepts the detachments, will dismiss the supernumerary men under the conduct of the respective first sergeants.

4. The guards are either organized on the regimental (or garrison) parade, or, according to the nature of the case, partly on that, and partly on the grand parade. In the latter case, the senior officer of the details, or guards furnished by each regiment, and intended for the grand parade, will conduct them from the regimental parade. On arriving at the grand parade, each detachment will take post in the order above prescribed, under the direction of the staff officer from head quarters, or his assistant, the adjutant of the day.

5. The adjutant of the day will accompany the details of his regiment to the grand parade, and will be replaced on his own parade by the second officer of the new police guard, if there be two; by the commander, if there be but one; and if there be no officer of that guard, by the sergeant major. The regiment that furnishes the adjutant of the day will also furnish the music for the grand parade.

6. The officer of the day will always be present at guard mounting; no other, except a general officer, will interfere with, or give any order on the parade, to the staff officer on duty there. The commander of the troops (or garrison) though under the rank of general, is, of course, an exception to this rule.

7. The following form regards, more particularly, the grand parade. With a few obvious variations, it will equally apply to the regimental parade.

8. When the detachments, or guards, open ranks, the officers of them take post twelve paces in front of the centre, in one rank, in the order of seniority, and with swords drawn; the sergeants in one rank, four paces in the rear of the officers; the corporals in another rank, four paces in the rear of the sergeants.

9. The adjutant of the day will dress the line, roimt the files, verify the details by reference to the written orders, and tell off the guards, whilst the other staff officer appoints the officers and non-commissioned officers to the several guards, and designates the posts which they are to occupy. The larger guards, if necessary, may be told off into platoons.

10. The staff officer will next command : officers and non-commissioned officers, outwards—Face : inspect yonr guards—March. The two highest in rank of each guard will divide the ranks between them, accompanied by the other officers, &c. The commander of each guard will give the necessary words of command for the inspection of arms and boxes. See par. 9, Art. 39.

11. The inspection ended, the officers and non-commissioned officers take post, considering each guard as a company of a battalion, in open order, under review.

12. The staff officer will now command: the troop— Beat Off; when the music will pass down the line to the left, and back to the right; it will then cease to play, and resume its position. The last command will be the signal at which the new officer of the day will take up his position, at a suitable distance in the front of the parade, having the old officer of the day on his right, or reverse side, a pace retired.

13. The staff officer will continue—Attention; shoulder —Arms : rear ranks, close order—March : present—Arms } at which word he will face to the new officer of the day, drop sword and report, " Sir, the guards are ready to receive your orders." The new officer of the day, after acknowledging the salute, will direct the staff officer what is next to be done. But, if the staff officer should be senior to the officer of the day, he would report without saluting with sword, and immediately retire. In this case, the adjutant of the day would be instructed to give the orders contained in the following paragraph, or the officer of the day would give them himself.

14. The guards having performed such exercises as were required by the officer of the day the staff officer will again command : guards, (or platoons) right wheel— March : column, support—Arms : forward, guide to the right—Mabch ; when the whole will pass the officer of the day in the manner prescribed for passing in review, in common time, (par. 18, Art. 9,) the staff officer, (if still present on duty) marching on the (then) reverse flank of the first division, and the adjutant of the day on that of the last division, or, in the absence of the staff officer, the adjutant of the day would be dressed on the first division.

15. When the column has passed, the guards break off under their respective commanders, and take the route to the several posts assigned them; at the same time, the two staff officers break off, or the remaining one breaks off; the music ceases, and the old officer of the day salutes and gives the old, or standing instructions, to him who relieves him. See par. 1, Art. 5.

16. Guards which -are assigned to pew posts will he conducted to, and established in them by the officer of the day, and the staff officer or officers detached from head quarters for the purpose.

17. In bad weather, the ceremony of turning off guards on the usual parades may be dispensed with by the officer of the day, and the inspection be made under shelter. Also, in the case of guards which may have to mount in the night, or at the close of the day, after fatiguing marches, the ceremony of turning off will be dispensed with, but that of inspection never.

ARTICLE 43.

Service of guards in their posts.

1. Every guard will be superintended by the officer of the day under whom it mounts, who will visit the guard and its sentinels once before sunset, and again between midnight and day-break, and as much oftener as may be necessary, or may be required. With a view to this superintendance, the officer of the day will always call at the proper head quarters for new instructions immediately before guard mounting, and he will give particular instructions to the commanders of the guards under him, where he may probably be found at any time during the twenty- four hours.

2. Habitually, guards will be relieved daily, and sentinels every two hours. Eacb guard will be divided into three or more reliefs, according to its strength, or the number of sentinels to be furnished; and the service equalized among the reliefs according to the principle, the longest off 'post, the first on.

3. In freezing weather, and also near the enemy, sentinels may be relieved hourly, or oftener. Frequent reliefs will serve the purpose of patrols, and also to keep the men more on their feet, and on the alert, when near the enemy.

4. The commander of the guard, as soon after arriving at his post as practicable, will cause a roll to be made of the guard, by reliefs, and, in detaching a relief, will designate the post that each sentinel is to occupy, which posts will be numbered. The most steady and experienced will be placed over the arms, (that is, at the body of the guard) and at the remote points; the others in the intermediate or neighbouring posts, so that they may be more under the instructions of the officers, &c.

5. No sentinel will be posted so distant as not to leave the guard the power of hearing him, either directly, or through the intermediate sentinels.

6. Before a relief marches, it will be presented to the commander of the guard, who will assure himself that the arms are well loaded and primed, and the flints well fixed. These precautions will be particularly attended to during the night, and, if near the enemy, in the day time also.

7. A guard will turn out under arms for inspection and roll-call as often as a relief is detached, and remain formed until the old relief returns.

8. The relief corporal will, on returning to the guard, present the eld sentinels to the commander, and render an account of every thing material that has occurred during the relief. A similar course will be observed by the commander of a patrol.

9. A sentinel on post will always keep himself very much on the alert, observing every thing that takes place within the reach of his sight or hearing. He will never quit his arms, but move about briskly on the walk assigned him, and occupy himself solely with his duties, without noise, and without speaking, except when necessary.

10. He will habitually carry his firelock supported, the bayonet fixed. In wet weather, it' there be no sentry box, he will secure firelock.

11. He will not suffer himself to be relieved except by the relief corporal, or some other superior of his guard, or by some officer of the army whom he well knows to be such.

12. If a quarrel or other disorder happens near him, he will call out, the guard.' which being repeated up to the guard by the intermediate sentinels, the commander will send a non-commissioned officer with several men to enforce order. If a fire breaks out, he will cry Fire!

13. If, in either of the foregoing cases, the disorder or danger is great, and the sentinel is remote from the guard, he will first discharge his firelock in the air, and then call out as above.

14. A sentinel who, under some urgent necessity, wishes to be relieved for a few minutes, or before the regular hour, will call out, relief corporal.' when the latter, with a sentinel, will be sent to relieve him.

15. The sentinel placed over the arms, that is, at the body of the guard, when he sees a guard or other detachment, a general or other officer entitled to a complimentary notice, approaching, will call, turn out the guard.' For the compliments to be paid by guards, see Art. 8.

16. A sentinel placed over the colours will suffer no person whatever, under the rank of officer, to touch them, unless it be the colour-bearers of the regiment, or a non- pommissioned officer of the sentinel's guard.

17. If placed over a stack of arms, he will suffer no person to touch them, except by order of some officer, or a non-commissioned qfficer of the guard. . . .

18. If placed over .prisoners, he will suffer no person whatever, under the rank of officer, to communicate with them, ijnless it be a non-commissioned officer of the guard; nor will he suffer the prisoners to leave their place of confinement. If necessary, he will in either case call out, post corporal.'

19. Placed over a magazine or arsenal, or over supplies of any kind, he will call for the post corporal, if any person under the rank of officer wishes to enter the former, or to touch the latter.

20. The commander of the guard will not suffer his men to take off their accoutrements, or wander more than twenty paces from the post. Water and other necessaries will be sent for by a non-commissioned officer and some men, with arms if near the enemy.

21. During the day, the reliefs off post may be permitted to rest themselves as much as may consist with safety, but during the night no individual will be suffered to lie down or to sleep, on any account, if near the enemy, nor at any other time, unless it be expressly permitted by the officer of the day. '

22. The commander of the guard will, in person, occa- \sionally visit his sentinels during the twenty-four hours, and between the reliefs they will generally be visited by a patrol, consisting of an officer, if there be two on the guard, otherwise a non-commissioned officer; and, in either case, a file of men; to make the sentinels repeat their instructions ; to correct the instructions, if they be defective; to inform the sentinels under what circumstances and at what signals they are to retire on the guard; and finally, to place or displace them, as may be decided by the commander of the guard. ,

23. Immediately after retreat, the commander of the guard will give out the countersign, &c. to the sentinels on post; and if there be some smaller guard detached from, or dependent on, his own, he will send the countersign, &c. to it a few minutes earlier.

24. The officer of the day will be responsible that the guards under him receive the parole, countersign, &c. before retreat. The interior guards, that is, guards inside the chain of sentinels around the camp, or inside a fortress, need not receive a countersign, unless it be so ordered expressly by the commander of the troops or garrison.

25. The sentinels commence challenging immediately after receiving the countersign. No sentinel will suffer any person to approach nearer than the point of his bayonet until he has received the countersign, placing himself in the position of charge bayonet for- that purpose.

26. A sentinel will be instructed to challenge by calling out, Who comes there? If he is answered, Friend, with the countersign, and the sentinel is instructed to pass persona with the countersign, he will reply, Advance friend with the countersign; if the challenge is answered, Relief, patrol, rounds, or grand rounds, he will reply, Stand! Advance corporal, (or sergeant) and give the countersign; and satisfy himself that the party is what it represents itself to be. If the sentinel is answered in the first manner, and has no authority to permit a person to pass him even with the countersign, or if he is answered in any manner other than is above prescribed, he will call out, the guard! in order that the relief corporal may be sent to decide on the case. So would he call out, the guard! if the countersign given should he wrong, in either of the other cases supposed above.

27. When the officer of the day wishes to make his grand rounds, he will repair to the body of the guard, give the parole to the officer commanding it, assure himself of the presence and condition of the men, and demand an escort proportioned to circumstances;—generally, a non-commissioned officer and a file of men.

28. Grand rounds will also be made by general officers and officers commanding corps or garrisons, when they shall judge proper, or a staff officer may be detached from head quarters for that purpose; but snich persons will be careful to notify the officer of the day of all material instructions which they may find it necessary to give to a guard whilst going the grand rounds. In like manner, all material instructions given to sentinels on post by. persons entitled to make grand rounds, ought to be promptly notified to the commander of the guard.

29. On the approach of the new guard, the old will take a position the most convenient for the ceremony of relieving. Guards under twelve men, or six files, will be formed in one rank ; of or above that number, in two ranks.

30. The new guard will take the position in relieving Which may be designated by the senior of' the two commanders;' but, :near. the enemy, such position shall not place the two guards front to front, nor the rear of either towards the enemy. For the compliments to be paid on this occasion, see par. 6, Art. 8.

31. The new guard having taken its position near the old one, and both standing at shouldered arms, the officers and non-commissioned officers will advance to meet each other respectively, when the new will take the instructions of the old. See par. 1, Art. 5.

32. The commander of the new guard will designate a corporal or sergeant, to be termed post corporal or post sergeant, to take possession of the guard-house or tent, and its furniture, also, other articles (or prisoners, as in the case of a police guard) in the charge of the guard.

33. The new post corporal, (accompanied by the old) will note any new injury which may have been committed, and point it out to the new commander, on whose report the relieved commander will be held responsible.

34. The commander of the old guard will have prepared far the signature of the commander who relieves him, an inventory of the property or articles in the charge of the guard, also a roll of the prisoners in its custody.

35. The first relief having been designated, the commander of the new guard will order it two paces to the front, when the new relief corporal will take charge of it, and go to relieve the sentinels in the order hereinafter prescribed, accompanied by the relief corporal of the old guard, who will take command of the old sentinels when the whole are relieved.

36. A corporal commanding a small guard may call to his aid, in performing the foregoing duties, a lance-corporal, if there be one under him, or an old soldier; and any commander of a guard may, when the sentinels are numerous, designate more than one relief corporal, or order a sergeant to take charge of a relief.

37. During the time of relieving sentinels, and of calling in the small posts, the commandants of the two guards will, near the enemy, visit together the avenues leading to the post, the old commander giving to the new all the information he may possess relative thereto, or relative to the enemy.

38. The detachments and sentinels from the old guard having rejoined it, it will take up its march, the drums, &c. of both guards beating a march, unless music be prohibited at the outposts, on account of the nearness of the enemy.

39. On arriving at the camp or post, the commander of the old guard will, if it consists of several detachments, break it up accordingly, and send each to its regiment or company, under an officer or non-commissioned officer. See par. 2, Art. 34.

40. On rejoining their companies, the chiefs of squads will examine the arms and other appointments of their men returning from duty, and cause the whole to be put away in the accustomed good order.

41. When the old guard has marched off fifty paces, the commander of the new will cause his guard to face about, to recover arms, and to place them in the arm-racks, or on a traverse, that is, a pole supported by two forks. If there be neither convenience at the post, the arms will be stacked.

42. The commander will immediately after read over the general and particular instructions for his post, if there be such in writing; next visit his sentinels to ascertain, and (if necessary) to correct, the instructions they have received; and question, in a similar manner, the officers and non-commissioned officers under him, relative to the instructions they may respectively have received from the corresponding persons of the old guard.

43. A relief, with arms supported, and formed in two ranks, will march to a flank, headed by the corporal; but, if of twelve or more sentinels, the relief will be formed in two sections.

44. The sentinel at the body of the guard will be first relieved and left behind; the one most distant will be next relieved, and the others returning to the guard.

45. When a sentinel sees the relief approach, he will face to it and halt. At six paces, the corporal will command : carry—Arms ;—Halt"; and add JVb. 1, or the like, (for the two sentinels) recover—Arms. At this word, the two sentinels approach, when the old, under the correction of the corporal, will whisper the instructions of the post to the new sentinel.

46. This done, the old sentinel will pass in quick time to his place in the rear of the relief, the new sentinel facing the relief, when the corporal will command, (for the two sentinels) No. 1, or the like, shoulder—Arms ; and add, relief, support—Arms;—March.

47. For the compliments to be paid by sentinels, see Art. 8.

ARTIC1E 50.

Police Guard.

1. Police guards and their duties have already been noticed, necessarily or incidentally, under several of the preceding articles. See 42, and 43 generally; par. 2 and 3, Art. 25; par. 2, Art. 33 ; par. 6 and 13, Art. 4T; and par. 6, Art. 49.

2. The police guard of each regiment (or post) will, in future, take place of camp (or garrison) guards. Its force will be sufficient to furnish the requisite sentinels around the camp (or post.) together with those herein particularly mentioned, and to make the patrols which the localities and other circumstances may render necessary. It will be turned off from the regimental (or garrison) parade.

3. The officer of the day will decide when the commander of the guard may permit his men, by reliefs, to eat their meals with their companies, taking care that each relief promptly returns. He will also decide whether the guard shall detach from it one or more small posts or guards, when the extent of the ground to be covered by the sentinels shall render such division necessary or convenient. Each of these small posts will act in the manner prescribed for the main guard on which they depend.

4. Besides the sentinel placed over the arms at the body of the guard; the sentinel over the prisoners; the one over the colours; and the one at the tent or quarters of the colonel ; (which shall be posted at the tent or quarters of the next in command, if the colonel lodges out of camp or quarters) the guard will furnish others, to be posted on the front and rear of the camp, and over the arms of the regiment when they are stacked, or in bells-of-arms.

5. If the army is encamped in two lines, the regiments of the first line will furnish the sentinels for all the front of the camp, and the regiments of the second line will furnish the sentinels for the rear. The sentinels in the rear will be posted twenty paces behind the baggage train. See par. 12, Art. 47.

6. Regiments on the right and left of the camp will place sentinels on their exterior flanks, for which augmentation of their police guards they will have credit on the brigade rosters.

7. The duties of the four first sentinels mentioned in par. 4, and those of the sentinel over the arms, have already been particularly noticed under the references of par. 1. The others forming the chain about a camp (or post) will be instructed not to suffer any person, under the rank of officer, to pass out without permission; and during the night, no person whatever (unless it be a relief, or rounds, or a detachment headed by an officer) to pass in or out except by the body of the guard, after being recognised by the commander.

8. The officer of the day will cause patrols to be made during the day, if he judges it necessary, for the police of the camp (or post.) During the night, these patrols will always be made (commencing immediately after retreat} —to cause the fires of the kitchens to be extinguished at the hour indicated; to order out from the sutlers' shops the men who may be found there; and to arrest and commit to the guard the men who may be found out of their tents (or quarters) after tattoo, unless they be going to, or from, the sinks, or on some duty.

9. During retreat, the guard will he under arms for roll-call and inspection, and immediately after, the additional sentinels for the night will be posted. These will be called in after the reveille.

10. Besides the sentinels forming the chain, there may be others posted (particularly in the night) more in advance, in such manner as to give prompt notice of the approach of danger, or to correspond with the grand guards, if there be such established.

11. When the assembly is beaten, preparatory to a march, the sentinels of the guard will be called in, and the whole ordered to join their companies, excepting the prisoners' escort, and excepting also such part as may be required to march with the camping party of the regiment, as its escort. See par. 2, Art. 47.

12. When the ground of the new camp is designated, the commandant of the escort of the camping party will furnish the sentinels which may be required by the staf officer who designates the ground. As soon as the regiment arrives, the guard will take up its position and resume its regular duties.

13. The commander of the police guard will hand in to the officer of the day a written report of his tour of service, and of the prisoners and articles in the charge of the guard, immediately after being relieved. See par. 32, 33rf and 34, Art. 43. The prisoners will be reported by name, grade, and corps, showing when, and by whom, committed, and on what charges.

14. The officer of the day, having added to the guard report such remarks as circumstances required, noting the visits and rounds made by him, and at what hours, &c. &c., will hand over the report to head quarters. These reports will also notice all incidents worthy of remark, particularly instances of misconduct on the part of any individual of the guard.

ARTICLE 51.

The Piquet.

1. In camp, there will be detailed, daily, by regiment, a piquet composed habitually of two subalterns, two sergeants, four corporals, a drummer, and a number of met) proportioned to the strength present; and on every other day, a captain will be added to this detail, so that one of the regimental piquets in the same brigade may have an officer of that rank to command it. This regiment will be the one that does not furnish the adjutant of the day for the grand parade.

2. The service of the piquet will begin and end at the same hour with that of the other guards. It will always assemble on the regimental guard parade, on the left of the police guard, and be inspected and turned-off with the latter. In the cavalry, it will be mounted, and the horses equipped.

3. The piquet having marched past the regimental officer of the day, will return to the same parade, or march to any other rallying post that may be assigned to it, and be dismissed, with instructions to re-assemble promptly when called. The ceremony of relieving one piquet by another, as in the case of other guards, will be dispensed with.

4. The piquet being destined to furnish extraordinary or unexpected detachments and guards called for during the twenty-four hours of its service,'the officers, &c. drawn from it for such purposes, before the hour of retreat, will be immediately replaced. Those furnished after that hour need not be replaced, unless there be an express order given to that effect.

5. The officers, &c. of a piquet, will, at all times, be ready to march, armed, clothed, and equipped at all points, and will not leave the camp during the twenty-four hours of their service, unless in one of the cases above provided. The regimental officer of the day will cause the piquet to assemble for roll-call and inspection of arms, &c. several times during the day.

6. By means of these dispositions, which assure tlie presence of the men and their condition for prompt service, it will not be necessary, in the cavalry, to keep the horses saddled, without an express order to that effect. The horsemen of the piquet will perform their stable duties as usual, with this difference—they shall remain booted.

7. The piquets in the cavalry will only assemble monnt- rd, by an express order to that effect from the colonel, the officer of the day, or some general officer. For inspection, iy either of those officers, it will ordinarily assemble on foot, with side-arms.

8. When it is designed to assemble the piquet during the day, a signal will be sounded by the drummer or trumpeter of the police guard. If during the night (which will only take place in case of alarm, or when the piquet is to march in whole or in part) the officer of the day, or the adjutant, will wake up the officers, the latter the noncommissioned officers, and these the men. The whole, without noise, will immediately form in the order of battle, ready to march.

9. Immediately after retreat, the piquet will be assembled for roll-call and inspection of arms, &c. by its commander, assisted by his officers, &c. after which, the whole

will retire to their tents. In the cavalry, the piquet will ordinarily be on foot for this inspection.

10. The commander will note down the tents of the- officers and non-commissioned officers, and the latter the men's tents, to the end that the whole piquet may be promptly assembled, in case of need.

11. If the piquets should be ordered to bivouac, the colonel would indicate the place. In this case, the horses would be kept equipped.

12. As often as the regiment is under arms, for reviews, manoeuvres, marches, or action, the piquet will be ordered to rejoin its companies.

Article 52.

Grand guards, and other outposts.

1. Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp, or cantonment, and ought to occupy the approaches, or avenues, leading to it. -.

2. The force and positions of the grand guards will be regulated by the generals of brigades, subject, of course, to the orders of their lineal superiors ; each brigadier general being held immediately responsible for the maintenance of the ground occupied by his brigade.

3. To the grand guards of infantry there will be, generally, attached a portion of cavalry, as well with a view to the common service of the posts, as also to communicate prompt intelligence of the enemy in urgent cases.

4. Habitually, they will be composed (by brigade) of a raptain, two subalterns, two sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, and a number of men proportioned to the objects in view, and the effective strength of the regiments present, and will mount with havresacks, &c. charged for twenty-four hours.

5. Besides the general superintendence which the generals of every grade, and their chiefs of staffs, may give to the grand guards furnished by their respective corps, the superintendence of them will be more especially confided to a field officer of the day for each brigade.

6. The lieutenant colonels and majors will be classed together on the roster for this service. When their number is less than three, the colonels will be brought into the same class, and, in cases of necessity one or two of the .senior captains, in order to make three or four reliefs.

7. The grand guards will mount habitually at the same hour with the other guards. See Art. 42 and 43. Nevertheless, the generals of brigades, with the approbation of their superiors, may cause them to mount a little before the break of day, when it may be thought advisable to double the outposts about that time; or they may mount at any other hour, when some special reason may render it necessary.

8. In the night a grand guard will assemble and depart without noise, throwing out flying sentinels on the march, to scour the country. It will do the same thing by day, at the time of establishing itself in a post, and whenever circumstances may require it.

9. It will be conducted to a new post by tlicjleld officer of the day, or by some staff officer, who may have reconnoitred the ground; these reconnaissances being among the principal duties of the staff. See par. 4 and 6, Art. 45.

10. The commandant of an established outpost will send to the field officer of the day, as often as may be necessary, a steady man of the guard, as a guide to the relieving Jield officer of the day, or grand guard. He will also send, in the evening, a corporal, or some trusty man, to thejleld officer of the day, for the billet containing the parole, countersign, &c. See par. 17 and 19, Art. 48.

11. A grand guard, if there be no principal avenue to be occupied or defended, will be established, as nearly as may be, in the centre of the ground to be covered, and in a bottom, or in some covered place, in order that the enemy may not reconnoitre its force, &c. Outside, and near the edge of a wood will be avoided.

12. When very near the enemy, the guard may change position after retreat, particularly cavalry guards, which ought to occupy, during the day, positions very much advanced. But even cavalry guards will not be advanced too near to the enemy, in a country covered, broken, or mountainous, particularly if the enemy be favoured by the neighbouring inhabitants.

13. Grand guards, posted in a plain, and exposed to cavalry attacks, will cover themselves by trenches, (of a circular form,) or by abattis. A similar precaution may generally be observed when near an Indian enemy. Under other circumstances they will only intrench and fortify themselves by express permission of the brigadier generals, as those defences are apt to impair the alertness of the guards, and even to render them timid. This remark will not apply to a detachment, which would, if menaced, intrench itself, or use, for its safety, all other means furnished by the localities.

14. The first care of afield officer of the day, and of the commander of a grand guard, the moment that the latter is in position, is to obtain intelligence of the enemy ; of his position; of the roads or passes leading from him to the guard, or the army. It is on this information that the small, or more advanced posts, and the additional sentinels for the night, will be established.

15. The first subaltern will command the largest, or most important of these small posts, a sergeant the next, and corporals the others. Generally, one of the non-commissioned officers, with some six or twelve men, will be most advanced, and dependent on the subaltern, the latter (having a corporal and some twelve or twenty men with him) occupying a position between the advanced non-commissioned officer and the body of the guard. The other small posts will generally be detached to the right and left of the guard, and all of them will throw out sentinels proportioned to their strength, and according to the instructions given.

16. The commander of the grand guard will give the most detailed instructions as to the service of the several small posts, particularly as it respects the reports to be made to him; general vigilance; the defence expected from each; and as to retreats ? which will always be made on the body of the guard. The field officers of the day will act similarly in respect to the commanders of grand guards under them respectively.

17. The particular instructions to be given to a grand guard will depend on a variety of circumstances, but there are others which are general and invariable, to wit: that it shall inform the nearest corps, and the field officer of the day, or the general of the brigade, of any threatening or important movement of the enemy, and of any attack that it has reason to apprehend ; that it shall arrest all suspicious persons who may approach without passports : and every soldier or waiter who shall attempt to pass out without permission; also, persons who profess to belong to the army coming into camp, unless they are well known to be such; and, finally, that they shall turn back even marketing people who may offer to pass in, unless instructions have been given for their admission.

18. The sentinels the most advanced will be doubled, (particularly during the night) and posted behind trees, fences, and the like, from which they can best observe or intercept the enemy, without being seen by him. They will not be allowed to sit, or to lie down, if they can be otherwise concealed, as, in either case, they would be. liable to fall asleep.

19. When doubled, one of them may be instructed, under particular or extraordinary circumstances, to fly to the guard with information. During the day intelligence may be communicated from distant sentinels by signals, as thus: the cap placed upon the bayonet, and elevated, may signify the approach of danger, £c. £c.

20. During the night it will be useful to employ a different kind of signals, to precede the countersign. The patrols, grand rounds, flying sentinels or reliefs, may, for example, when challenged, answer by clapping hands, striking on some part of the firelock, and the like, without dispensing with the countersign. These signals may also be substituted for the challenge, " Who comes there?' when the enemy is near enough to hear the challenge. In this case, if the concerted signal is not given in reply, the sentinel ought to be instructed to fire, as in the ordinary case of not answering, or answering unsatisfactorily.

21. In detaching flying sentinels, the most intelligent men will be chosen, and limits assigned to them, as it may be imprudent for them to go more than one hundred paces beyond the guard; and, it is repeated, that too much care cannot be taken in the choice of sentinels for the posts most remote from the guard.

22. The strength and frequency of patrols and rounds, and the number of flying sentinels to be thrown out, will depend upon the proximity of the enejny, his facilities for attacking or passing the post, the temper of the neighbouring inhabitants, &c. &c. In general, a commander cannot too much multiply his precautions.

23. He will, personally, during the clay, reconnoitre the routes which the patrols and rounds will have to take during the night, having with him some of those who will compose them as guides for the rest. Of course, all patrols, rounds, reliefs, and flying sentinels, will be challenged on their return to the guard, in common with all other persons whatsoever, who approach it during the night.

24. Towards day break, the patrols ought to be more frequent, and not restricted to the environs of the guard and its sentinels. They will march with the greatest precaution; examine the hollow ways; the woods favourable to the designs of the enemy, and neglect nothing to avoid being cut off, or to avoid engaging in an unequal contest. If they are attacked, or if they meet an enemy, they will fire, and seek to arrest his march. While they are out, the guard will be under arms, and the horsemen mounted, or ready to mount.

25. Cavalry patrols will push their discoveries still further than those of the infantry; and patrols of both kinds, sent out towards break of day, will not return until broad day light. Then, and not before, the additional sentinels of the night will be withdrawn.

26. The commanders of reconnoitring parties or patrols, will look back, from time to time, to judge the aspect of the ground, in order to note the points and objects which may become favourable for defence in case of attack, or serve as guides in the case of retreat. The roads or ways; their crosses, branches, and directions, will likewise be carefully observed, and, in returning, these parties, especially in the night, will frequently halt to look round and to listen ; in order to be certain that they are not pursued, or, if pursued, to make the proper resistance.

27. When it is to be apprehended that the small posts may be surprised, they will not be permitted to kindle fires; and, in order that the number and position of the grand guard may not be betrayed to the enemy by lights, other fires will be made at some distance from it, and kept up by flying sentinels. Similar fires might usefully be established in passes or on points which, from the want of men, cannot be occupied.

28. When a part of the horses arc sent to water, in cavalry guards, the remainder will be mounted, or they will hold themselves ready to mount, as in the case of detaching a patrol.

29. The guard, and particularly a sentinel, will not allow a deserter, or other suspicious person, to approach, until he has thrown down his arms. All such persons, will be promptly sent, from post to post, to the jleld officer of the day, who will report or send them to brigade head quarters. In the night, if there be a difficulty in sending them off from the post, they will be strictly guarded.

30. The brigadier general having examined them, will send them to division head quarters. The commander of the grand guard will, himself, have previously caused them to be searched, and questioned relative to whatever may be of immediate importance to his post.

31. The bearer of a flag of truce, and his trumpeter, &c. &c. will always be stopped by the first sentinel whom they may approach, who will cause them to halt, and face about from the post and the army, and, if necessary, they will be directed to place bandages about their eyes. A non-commissioned officer, at least, ought to remain with .them, as well to cause an obedience to those directions, as to avoid the indiscretion of sentinels, and further, ta seek, by adroit replies, to deceive the curiosity of those persons—whose secret and principal object may be, to make :i reconnaissance under the protection of a flag.

32. The bearer of a flag of truce, who presents himself in a proper manner, and who obeys the necessary directions given him, will be treated with the greatest civility by all persons belonging to the army. A written acknowledgment having been given by the commander of the grand guard, of the letters or packages brought, the bearer of the flag, &c. will be immediately dismissed,—, after which, if he is found loitering or reconnoitring about the outposts, he will be treated as having dishonoured his flag. The letters or packages will be promptly sent, through the field officer of the day, to general head quarters.

33. The moment that an enemy approaches a guard, it will commence the attack, and keep its position, if Iip is not in too great force, or the guard is not in danger of being cut off. In the latter case, it may take a new position, and make all necessary movements to resist and delay his march, combatting in close or open order to effect those objects. Penally, when sufficient time has been given for the army to take up its order of battle, and the enemy continues to force in the guard, it will join its regiment or regiments.

34. A guard placed in some enclosed post, or in an important defile, with special instructions to resist to the utmost, will not fall back or change position on the approach of even an overwhelming force, but will hold firm, and risk every thing by the most stubborn resistance, with a just reliance-on timely support, and the highest approbation.

35. The posts about an army in the field ought not to be intrenched, unless the army is acting purely on the defensive ; or, unless it be to cover certain weak points, or points which the enemy cannot avoid in attacking, or pursuing, if he is successful; or, unless it be to close a defile, or in a mountainous country.

36. Under either of these circumstances, an enclosed post would become united to the army, and enter, necessarily, into its plan of general operations. Consequently, every intrenchment that requires artillery ought to become a post; to receive a guard or garrison; and a particular commander not subject to be daily relieved.

37. Such post will only be established according to the orders of the general of division, under the sanction of the general in chief, the former giving to the particular commander written instructions relative to its defence, and the circumstances under which the defence may cease.

38. After the commander has thoroughly examined the interior and exterior of his post, he will distribute the service and the ground among his officers, &c.: establish a reserve, and give the necessary instructions for every case that can be foreseen. He will suppose an attack, and will dispose his garrison for defence; to the end of being the better prepared for a real attack, whether by day or by night.

39. In dark or foggy weather, he will change the hour and direction of his patrols, and at no time suffer a flag of truce, a deserter, or a stranger, to enter his post. It' it be necessary to let a flag pass by, or through, lie will first cause a bandage to be placed about the bearer's eyes. Deserters will be treated in a similar manner, it' permitted to enter or to pass. He will not suffer to enter even a guard sent to relieve him, until he has carefully examined it beyond the post.

40. If his post is attacked, he will act without waiting for orders', or the decision of a council, as he alone will be responsible for the determinations which he may take.

41. If, after employing all the means under him, and all the resources of his genius, to repel the enemy; if, after exhausting his ammunition and subsistence, or losing the greater part of his men, and al) hope of succwur have vanished, he is at length compelled to give over the defence of the post confided to him, there will still remain one gallant effort more which he will not fail to attempt, to wit: to surprise some one of the posts by which he is surrounded, and thus seek to regain the army. See the 52d and 59th articles of the rules and articles of war.

42. Grand guards will be instructed to march to their posts, if very near the enemy, without music, and to pay no compliments in their posts. Neither will their sentinels, under the same circumstances, take any complimentary notice of officers passing near them.

ARTICLE 53.

Marches.

1. The object of the movement and the nature of the ground will determine the order of the march, the number of the columns, and also the relative number of troops composing them.

2. In general, the greater the number of columns the better, provided that the distance between them be such that they can mutually communicate with, and sustain each other,—that is, readily unite in case of need.

3. The force and composition of an advanced or rear guard, (formed of companies or battalions of light troops) will be regulated according to the relative position of the enemy. These troops will be destined to cover the movements of the column to which they appertain, and to arrest the enemy until the general may have had time to make his dispositions. The advanced guard will not always he at the head of the column : in a march to a flank, for instance, it will seize and occupy, in succession, the positions which -may serve to cover the column. Light troops will also be thrown out on the Hanks of the column (near the enemy) to scour woods, search hollow ways, &c.

4. The long roll, or to-arms, will never be sounded, but when the whole of the troops are to form suddenly, to meet the enemy. In this case, the first company formed will hasten to the colours, and the police guard, (excepting a detachment to guard the prisoners.) and guards of honour, will rejoin their companies. Other guards will not fall in unless specially ordered.

5. When the army or the corps is to march under other circumstances, the assembly will be substituted for repairing to the colours. It will be preceded by the generate for striking tents, loading wagons or bat horses, calling in guards, extinguishing fires, &c. &c. The straw, &c. of the old camp will not be fired, as it might serve to indicate the movement to the enemy.

6. Those dispositions will be executed with the greatest promptitude. If the chief of some corps is absent, the next in rank present will take his place and commence the march.

7. The generals will, when necessary, unite the pioneers at the heads of columns, to smooth difficulties in the way of the march, and send forward a quartermaster, or other staff officer, to superintend those operations.

8. In bad roads, and particularly in night marches, it will frequently be necessary to post corporals, or mounted men, to mark the way, or to advertise the troops of the direction of the march, and of difficulties to be avoided. The corporals, or other men employed for those purposes, will, for distinction, be called jalons. They will be posted or relieved by company, or as often as may be necessary, under the direction of the regimental quartermasters, the adjutants or other officers, and without interrupting the inarch.

9. The generals and other field officers will cause knapsacks, valises, and havresacks, to be frequently searched on the march, in order to throw away every thing found about the men exceeding what is prescribed, and further, to punish them if necessary.

10. In passing through a city or village, there will be left behind, by battalion, in succession, an officer and a certain number of non-commissioned officers, to prevent the men from straggling and loitering behind.

11. When necessary, the commander of the column will, in addition to the above dispositions, cause a platoon or company towards the rear, to be detached from the column, as a rear guard, to force up stragglers. Under important circumstances, he will cause one or more noncommissioned officers per regiment to be attached to this guard, to aid it in that duty. The guard will also be particularly instructed to prevent marauding, even in an enemy's country. If taken in the fact, the marauder will be sent to his corps with the proper charge, in order that he may be severely and publicly punished for the infamous offence. See the 52d and 54th articles of war.

12. The generals and colonels will occasionally halt till their columns have passed, in order to see whether the proper distances are observed. They will frequently send an aid-de-camp, or other staff officer to the rear, for the same purpose,—on whose report the march may be regulated ; or this may be done on sounding the signal, slow in front, by a bugle attached to the rear.

13. In passing defiles or obstacles, the troops which first pass will, successively, relax their pace, or even halt, if necessary, to give time to those in the rear to regain their distances. Each division will re-form after passing, before accelerating its march to rejoin the column. But it is understood, that where the difficulty consists merely in the want of width in the route, the diminishing of front, by well instructed troops, ought not to lengthen the column or to render halts necessary for regaining distances or for re-forming.

14. The column will halt as often as the object of the march, and the distance to be made, \will permit. Halts serve the double purpose of resting and re-forming the troops. In marches, and at those temporary halts, the troops pay no honours, except as in Art. 11, which see.

15. Officer's' led saddle horses will follow the regiments of the owners. The same of the horses of the dismounted men in the cavalry. Bat horses, and others, will be with the wagons, under the orders of the conductors of the trains. They ought not to be permitted to accompany the columns ; and mounted officers, will, as far as practicable, keep to the leeward of the column.

16. When it can be avoided, troops (preparatory to taking up the line of march) will not be assembled in ways, routes, or other places, so as to interrupt the movements of the other troops. The generals of divisions will each send a staff officer in advance, to the rendezvous appointed, to receive the corps as they arrive. Each corps, when others are to come up, or are already at the rendezvous, will take its habitual position in the order of battle, or of march, unless a different one be specially assigned. .

17. The time of commencing the march, for each corps, when several are to take the same route, will be regulated by the general in chief, or the senior general present, in case the former has not given his orders on the subject.

18. In marches in the interior, when the immediate object is simply to overcome distance, corps larger than regiments may be broken into regiments, and the latter follow each other at intervals, say of twelve or twenty-four hours. If the troops are without tents, the same rule will be applied to the companies of a regiment, in order to increase the chance of finding shelter at night for all the companies.

19. In route, the different battalions ought to lead alternately, and so of companies in the same battalion. These changes will take place from halts.

20. In general, the first halt will be made three quarters of an hour after the commencement of the day's march, when bayonets will be unfixed; the others from hour to hour, and always at some little distance from villages or habitations, in order to take from the men the occasion and the pretext of straggling. The principal halt will be about the middle of the day's march, but ought rarely to exceed an hour. At the last halt prior to finishing the march, bayonets will be re-fixed.

21. When the column fs about to halt, the step will be relaxed at the head, to re-establish distances between battalions and divisions, so that when the order is given, each may be in its proper place.

22. During certain halts, if it be thought necessary to prevent the men from straggling, sentinels for that purpose will be posted from the police guard the last detailed.

23. When a soldier wishes to stop for a moment by the way, he will, on obtaining permission, first give his firelock to one of his comrades, and take care promptly to return to his place. But these individual permissions ought not to be frequent, as the general halts will be sufficient to satisfy the wants of the men.

24. If a man be taken sick, the captain will direct a corporal to remain with him and to conduct him gently until the rear guard comes up, when the man will be left in the care of the guard.

25. For the reception of the sick and lame, a wagon will be attached to the rear guard as often as practicable, and also a surgeon to decide on the cases as they occur, to give assistance, &c. &c.

26. During a march, care will be taken to give to travellers, wagons, &c. met on the road, a fair proportion of the way,—also, to keep always the muzzles of the firelocks well elevated.

27. For the interior, troops vdll generally be furnished with marching routes, specifying the places on the route where subsistence, forage, &c. may be found; and, whether these supplies be previously provided or not, the commander of the corps or detachment will send forward every morning, a quartermaster or some other agent, to prepare for the wants of the troops before their arrival.

Article 54.

Battles—general dispositions.

1. It will not lirre be attempted to fix. with precision, the manner of disposing of an army in the field of battle; as such dispositions ought to vary according to the respective numbers and kinds of troops opposed to each other; the nature of the war, and of the ground, and, finally, to the particular objects in view. Nevertheless, certain, bases will be laid down, not to be departed from except under peculiar circumstances.

2. The advance guard ought to be preceded in marches, and attacks, by its tirailleurs, (that is, marksmen or skirmishers,)—to occupy, to harass, to disconcert the enemy; to repel his tiraMeurs ; to reconnoitre the passes leading to him; the position he occupies, and finally, to open the way to victory.

3. After overthrowing the enemy's outposts, this guard will occupy, in advancing, the principal points which may serve to cover and to facilitate the march of the corps to which it appertains, as well as the points the possession of which may be necessary in case of retreat—such as bridges, defiles, stone houses,* woods, and heights. Those objects accomplished, it will complete its chain of tirailleurs, and attempt, without committing itself, such attacks as may serve to occupy the enemy, and to deceive him as to the march and the projects of the corps which follow.

4. Those small detachments left behind in advancing, will rejoin the guard when other troops come up to them. If a position be taken by the line, and the advanced guard be separated from it by heights, or by defiles—in order to preserve a union with the guard, such points ought to be occupied by troops drawn from the line.

5. When sufficiently near the enemy, the troops will be drawn up in a number of lines, according to the force of the column or columns, with some battalions placed behind the wings of the first.

6. The lines may be composed of troops in column, and troops in the order of battle, according to the ground, the demonstrations made, or the attacks projected. But, in general, troops which have to advance some distance before attacking, and not exposed to a direct fire from the enemy's batteries, ought to be held in column, ready to advance, or to display according to circumstances.

7. In order not to confound the advance guard with the other troops, after the battle opens, the former will take position on the flanks, or in the intervals; in the villages or houses; on heights; behind advanced fences, &c. &c.— taking care not to intercept the fire of the troops, and also to preserve a unity of design with them.

8. The reserve will be in the rear of the centre, or behind the points deemed the most important. As far as practicable, it will be composed of the elite, both of foot and of cavalry, with a view to celerity. The object of a reserve is, to finish the defeat of the enemy; to re-establish a lost battle, or to cover a retreat.

9. The cavalry ought to be divided between the two wings, and placed in echdloti, if the ground be favourable to its operations in those directions. Vigour, swiftness, and to turn the enemy, will be recommended to it; also, rather to give than receive the charge; .and, in order to preserve the superiority of shock given by its totality and unity, not to commence the gallop until within a hundred paces of the enemy.

10. The commandant in chief of the artillery, or the superior officer of that arm, attached to a corps d'armee, division, &c. will distribute his batteries along the front of the line; on the flanks, in advance, or in the intervals, according to the ground, or the orders he may have received—holding himself, personally, where his presence may be the most necessary. The artillery will be employed to silence the fire of the enemy's batteries which cover the chosen point of attack. In ,defence, it will direct its fire against the troops most in advance, and in both cases the fire will be united as much as possible—it being terrible and destructive only when concentrated.

11. In battles, and military operations in general, one ought always seek to take the lead, that is, to reduce the enemy to the defensive. As there seldom is more than one important and decisive point to be chosen in the enemy's position, this should be early selected, and every disposition made to attack it suddenly, with a superior force— which may very well be done without a nice regard to the relative numbers of the two armies; by covering the preparatives with false attacks; by presenting on the refused points columns which may afterwards be carried with rapidity to the true point of attack; by uniting in the same end troops concealed from the view of the enemy, whether by favour of the ground, trees, houses, &c. &c. or by a cloud of active tirailleurs;—in short, by amusing or holding in check a large portion of the enemy, by a smaller number of the army.

12. Defence, like attack, has its important point. Every tiling depends on a just knowledge of it. It is that where the enemy would have to make the least effort, whether to overturn one corps on another, .or to pierce the centre, in order to carry himself on a point of communication or of retreat, in the rear.

13. Besides the dispositions which ought to be made, relative to the probable design of the enemy, it is necessary to secure the wings by placing in echellons some battalions or squadrons behind them, if the ground does not afford that security. But the defence once well established, that is, the danger of being cut or turned having ceased, the army ought to assume the offensive, as the most certain means of disconcerting the enemy in his plans—of giving confidence to the troops—in short, of securing victory.

14. To guard against a reverse, it is important never to hazard an attack without having one's communications and retreat assured;—accordingly, at the same time that the dispositions for the attack are prescribed, those to be followed in case of non-success or retreat, ought also to be given. Thus will be indicated, in advance, the movements which the several corps, down to regiments inclusive, may have to make under the different contingencies which may arise; and the positions which they ought successively to seize and to occupy. But, however fully the general in chief may enter into the details of the day, to provide for probable or even possible results, yet as he cannot be every, where, nor foresee every thing, the subordinate commanders may, according to circumstances, vary those dispositions, acting always in strict conformity to the general plan of battle, or in harmony with the other corps.

15. The government expects that corps d'armee, divisions, and brigades, will, under the circumstances last supposed, (that is, in unforeseen cases, or in the absence of orders,) give to each other a mutual support; as it would not acknowledge as an advantage, but would regard as culpable, the partial success that one corps might obtain, in the place of preventing the total loss of another.

16. In the event of success, the light troops only will pursue with celerity. The others will re-establish order in the ranks, and then follow in quick or accelerated time, according to circumstances, but always with the ranks closed, and well aligned ; ready to receive the enemy.

17. The general in chief, and other commanders, will, as far as possible, indicate, before the attack, the points where they may be personally found during the action; and in case a commander is thrown hors de combat, the circumstance ought to be promptly notified to the officer next below in rank, and the one next above, by an aid- de-camp, if a genera], or the adjutant, in the case of his colonel.

18. To keep a general well informed of the actual situation of the corps not immediately under his eye, during an engagement, staff officers ought to be directed, successively, to follow their movements, and to report, from time to time, to the chief.

19. All commissioned and non-commissioned officers will compel those inferior to them to remain steady in the ranks during an action, and not suffer any inferior to dishonour the American name by quitting his post to despoil the dead or wounded. (See the 52d article of the rules and articles of war.) The quitting the ranks under the pretence of carrying off the wounded is the ordinary refuge of the cowardly, and ought never to be tolerated. For the service of the field, or flying hospitals, see Art. 55.

20. The senior officers of the artillery will, after the battle, send to collect the artillery, arms, and accoutrements, left on the field,

21. A written report of the day will be made by the several commanders, including those of battalions and squadrons, to their respective chiefs, each in what concerns his corps. From the reports of those next below him, corroborated or corrected by his own observations, and those of his staff, the general in chief will make his detailed report to the Secretary of War, and put in orders the name of every individual, without regard to rank, who may have distinguished himself in an extraordinary manner.

22. As reports and orders relative to battles, and other military operations, constitute, in the case of subordinates, the foundation of military fame, and this fame the principal reward of merit, too much care cannot be observed by the general in chief in collecting information, before he offers the names of his companions in arms to the notice of government, and the admiration of the country. Justice and policy equally require that the names of individuals or of corps failing to do their duty, should be given in like manner. Indeed, reports of military affairs are highly defective, which do not notice faults committed, as well as strokes of extraordinary courage or genius exhibited.

23. To enable the general in chief to execute, with impartiality and fidelity, this high and delicate trust, his first despatch to the government ought, briefly and simply, to state the general and more important results of the affair; making his detailed report afterwards, on full deliberation.

24. Private letters, or reports, relative to military inarches and operations, are frequently mischievous in design, and always disgraceful to the army. They are, therefore, strictly forbidden; and any officer found guilty of making such report for publication, without special permission, or of placing the writing beyond his control, so that it finds its way to the press, within one month after the termination of the campaign to which it relates, shall be dismissed from the service.

Article 55.

Field hospitals.

1. Besides the temporary or stationary hospitals established in the neighbourhood of an army for the reception of the sick, &c. there shall be organized, by the medical director attached to general head quarters, field or more* able hospitals, to follow the corps during operations, and to give to the wounded the most prompt assistance.

2. For these purposes, the medical officers, &c. will be organized into a field depot, divisions, sections, and a fly ing hospital; the extent of each to correspond with the corps to which it is attached.

3. On the day of a battle, the field depdt shall be placed, as near as may be, behind the centre of the army, and as near the line as practicable, without compromising its safety. The divisions will, in like manner, be posted behind the wings of the army, or the principal operating columns; the sections will follow the smaller or detached corps, or will be held in readiness, near points at which partial shocks may be expected. The flying hospital will be with the advance guard; the surgeons, &c. lightly mounted and equipped, ready to fly to the points where the action is hottest, and to afford the earliest succour to the wounded.

4. The medical director will, in concert with the quartermaster general, cause a suitable number of light wagons and attendants to be attached to the several parts of the field hospital, each detachment under the conduct of an officer or agent of the quartermaster's department. When practicable, these attendants- will be selected from the country people.

5. The field depot and the divisions will be provided with a .sufficient number of litters, &c. for the removal of the wounded to the stationary or general hospitals in the rear. They will also be furnished with cases of instruments, blankets, some brandy, wine, vinegar, salt, bread, &c. &c. Most of these aids and supplies will be equally necessary to the sections and flying hospital, and will be furnished accordingly.

6. As goon as the action commences, the field depot and divisions will be ready to receive the wounded, and Jiold displayed their instruments, medicaments, &c. &c. For permanent or stationary hospitals, see Art. 73.

Article 60.

Prisoners of war.

1. Prisoners taken from the enemy, from the moment that they yield themselves, and as long as they obey the necessary orders given them, are under the safeguard of the national faith and honour. They will be treated at all times with every indulgence not inconsistent with their safe-keeping, and with good order among them. Officers in whose power they are, will bear in mind, and recall to the recollection of the soldier, that courage is honoured by generosity; and it is expected that the American army will always be slow to retaliate on the unarmed, acts of rigour or cruelty committed by the enemy, in the charitable hope of recalling the latter to a sense of justice and humanity by a magnanimous forbearance.

2. Prisoners will be promptly disarmed, and escorted to some place of safety in the rear. They will be reported from head quarters to head quarters, as soon as the action is over, or as soon as practicable, in order that they may be sent off to the depots destined to receive them, and that a return of them may be made to the War Department. This return will specify rank, number, and corps.

3. Wounded prisoners will be treated with the same cares as the wounded of the army, and other prisoners will be subsisted at the rate of one ration each, (excepting the liquor part of the ration) without regard to rank. The general treatment of prisoners, under the head of administration, as clothing, pay, &c. will depend on particular conventions made with the enemy relative thereto.

4. The ordnance, carriages, horses, and other public property, captured, and the arms, accoutrements, and horses of the prisoners, will be remitted to the proper accounting officers or departments, on account of the government. The horses will be branded with the letters " U. S." before they are distributed among the corps in want of them. The officers' arms will be restored to them, together with their private effects, as soon as practicable ; but officers' horses need not be returned, as they are not necessaries, and it being understood that they will be indemnified therefor by their own government.

5. The persons to be considered as prisoners of war, and those to be released as non-combatants, together with the exchange of the former, will depend on the conventions or cartels agreed upon by the belligerents ; or, in the absence of such agreements, on the usages of war, the example of the enemy, and the particular instructions given by the government to the commanders of the American forces.

6. Prisoners of war, in depot, if numerous, will be organized into battalions, and placed under a proper number of non-commissioned officers, selected from their own body, who will be charged with the interior police of the battalions and companies; subject, of course, to the orders of the commander of the depot.

7. The officers among the prisoners will not, in general, be confined with the other prisoners. The general in chief, or the commander of a depot, may, according to instructions, and the deportment of the officers, give them permission to repair, without escort, to such places and by such routes, as may be designated; taking from each his parole in writing, binding him to act accordingly.

8. Every such officer who violates his parole—that is, who shall depart from the route prescribed, or the limits assigned him; or who, being permitted to return to his own country, shall serve again against the United States or their allies, before exchanged, or in violation of his parole given, every such officer, being retaken, shall at least be put and kept in irons, and may be otherwise punished according to the particular circumstances of the case, the instructions of the government, and the usages of war.

Article 63.

Defence of places.

1. Every commander of a fortress, fort, or other strong place, will consider his post as liable to be attacked unexpectedly ; consequently, he will regulate his plan of defence, and the order of service according to the several probable modes of attack he may have to sustain; and will determine, for the principal cases, in advance, what each corps or individual will have to perform, on the actual occurrence of either.

2. He will, more particularly, make himself acquainted with the condition of the works, their strong and weak points; the exterior ground within the circle of investment ; the force, composition, and state of the garrison ; the condition of the batteries, and the quantity and state of the munitions or supplies of every kind.

3. From the moment that the enemy is within one march of his post, he will compel all useless mouths to leave the place, and cause to be demolished every thing within the interior which may be in the way of a free circulation of the garrison. He will, at the same time, cause to be demolished, or cut down, all houses, trees, and the like, about the exterior, which might cover the approach of the enemy.

4. If, within the United States, such objects belong to individuals, he will first request their owners to remove them, having the property duly appraised (in either case) if practicable.

5. The commander may consult the several commanders or chiefs under him, either separately, or in a council of defence; but he alone will be held responsible for the decisions he may form, whether in conformity with, or against the advice given by the council, or of its members separately.

6. He will defend his works, successively, by all the means within his power, hut in those successive defences he will husband his resourses in men and munitions in such manner, 1st. That he may have for the assaults, and especially the assault of his citadel, (if there be one,) a reserve of fresh troops, chosen from the oldest or best corps of the garrison ; 2d. That he may have, to the last, the subsistence and the ammunition necessary for the most vigorous resistance.

7. The rules and articles of war, and the usages of nations, condemn to death any commander who shamefully abandons a fort or post he may be charged to defend. To escape such ignominy, he ought, in the case of a fortress, to compel the besiegers to approach by slow and successive labours, and to repel at least one assault. See par. 41, Art. 52.

8. Finally, if compelled to capitulate, the commander will not separate himself from his officers or troops, but will participate in the common lot, after as during the siege; exerting himself to the utmost to ameliorate the fate of the garrison, of the sick and the wounded; for whom he will stipulate every clause of exception, or of favour, which it may be in his power to obtain.

9. Every commander who loses a fortress, or post, confided to his defence, shall, at least, be called before a court of inquiry to justify his conduct.

Article 69

Quartermaster’s Department.

Straw.

85. One truss of straw, weighing eighteen pounds, is allowed to every two men, at the commencement of the month. At the expiration of fifteen days, each truss will be refreshed with four pounds, and at the expiration of the month the whole straw will be removed, and a fresh bedding of one truss will be furnished.

86. The same quantity of straw is allowed to servants, or bat men, not soldiers, and for washerwomen, in the proportion of one to every seventeen men.

87. The allowance and change of straw for the sick in hospitals, will be regulated by the senior attending surgeon.

88. At all posts in the vicinity of prairies belonging to the public, hay will be used in lieu of straw, and shall be provided by the troops.

Camp and Garrison Equipage, Clothing, and Tools.

89. Camp and garrison equipage and clothing, will be received from the purchasing department, and tools from the ordnance department, and issued to the army by the officers of the quartermaster's department.

90. There will be allowed to each general officer one marquise, one wall-tent, one axe, and one hatchet. To an aid-de-camp one wall-tent. To each field officer two wall- tents, and one hatchet. To the military staff attached to a regiment three wall-tents and one hatchet. To the medical staff of a regiment two wall-tents and one hatchet; and to the field and staff of a regiment three axes. To the officers of a company two wall-tents. To every six non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, including the authorized number of washerwomen and servants, one common tent, one iron kettle, two tin pans, and one hatchet; and to each company six axes and four spades. A fly will be attached to each wall-tent. See Art. 35, par. 3.

91. In lieu of kettles, iron pots may be furnished to troops in garrison.—For allowance of clothing, &c. see Art. 70.

92. Commanding officers of regiments and posts, will receive from the officers of the quartermaster's department all clothing, camp and garrison equipage, and tools for their respective commands, for which they shall forward triplicate receipts, two to the quartermaster from whom the articles were received, and one to the office of the quartermaster general, where they will be charged and held accountable.

93. Every officer commanding a regiment, company, or detachment, shall, on the receipt of clothing, or of any other stores, cause an immediate inspection to be made of the same, by one or more officers, who, in case of deficiency either in the quantity or quality of the articles specified in the invoice, shall make duplicate reports of such deficiency, one of which shall be transmitted to the quartermaster general, and the other to the quartermaster by whom the articles were forwarded, or to the commissary general of purchases, if they were forwarded from his department.